PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Hawaiian Entomological Society
VOLUME II
Dictyophorodelphax mirabilis
1908-1912 HONOLULU. T. H.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE HAWAIIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
INDEX TO VOLUME II.
(♦Indicates genera and species new to science.)
stmi:kopt£ba.
Adelencyrtus odonaspidis ....215
Aglaotoma molokaiensis 10
ruflventris 10
Alaptus (?) sp 193
*Allotropa thompsoni 284
Anagyrus sp 215
Anectocleis hawaiiensis 10
lanalensis 10
monticola 10
rubripes 10
Aneristus ceroplastae 216
*Apanteles guamensis 290
Apentelicus kotinskyi 215
Aphanomerus pusillus 93
Aphelinus diaspidus .213, 216, 228
mail 216
Aphidencyrtus sp 215
♦Aphycus terryi 215, 281
sp. (?) 215
Apis mellifera 282
Aspidiotiphagus citrinus .... 25, 213, 216
•Aspilota pitiensis 289
Astichus sp 216
Banchogastra nigra 203
♦Blastophaga Innumerabilis .286
Blepyrus insularis 215
Bracon sp 228
Camponotus maculatus ...93, 310
Calotelia elegans 283
Cardiocondyla nuda v. minutior
308
wroughtonii v. hawaiien- sis 308
Cerapachys silvestrii 306
Ceraphron abnornis 18
Cerapterocerus sp 215
*Chalcura upeenis 285
Chelodynerus clielifer 37, 38
Chelonus blackburni 207, 303
*Cirrospiloideus guamensis ...287
Coccophagus citrinus 25
lecanii 216
orientalis.. 216,218, 228, 287
Cothonaspis 10
Crabro fulvicrus 218
Cremastogaster sp 310
Cremastus liymeniae 196
Diaeretus rapae 216
Diranchus monticola 10
ruflpes 10
Discoelius smithianus 28
Dyscritobaeus 6
Echthrodelphax fairchildii ... 20 Echthromorpha continua ....289
fuscator. .159, 162, 192, 198
maculipennis 192
Ecphylopsis nigra 113
Elasmus philippinensis 287
Encarsia Bp 216
Encyrtus fuscus 215
sp 215, 218
Eretmocerus corni 216
Eucoela 10
Eucoila sp 216
Eupelmus sp 113
Evania appendigaster ....90, 288 Gonatopus perkinsi. .113, 159, 162,
213 Haplogonatopus vitiensis .... 18 *Harpagocryptus 34
* australiae 34
Hemencyrtus sp 215
Hexamerocera konensis 10
Hexaplasta konensis 10
Hockeria sp 207
Horntail 26
Hypodiranchus hawaiiensis ... 10
lanaiensis 10
Icaria cagayanensis 283
marginata 283
Iridomyrmex humilis 36
♦Ischnocoelia 32
* xanthochroma 32
Iveimacis peregrina 193
Leptogenys falcigera v. insula- ris 306
Limnerium blackburni. .. 104, 159,
162, 303
*Lissopimpla nigricans 288
Lithurgus albofimbriatus ....193
sp 180
*Macrocalymma 31
* smithianum 31
*Macrocentrus pallidus 289
Macrotelia manilensis 283
Megachile palmarum. .17, 193, 201 Melittobia hawaiiensis. . .17, 193,
194, 200, 201
Microterys flavus 215
Monomorium destructor 308
floricola 182, 308
gracillimum 308
minutum v. liliuokalani 207, 308
pharaonis 182, 308
vastator 182, 309
*Montezumia australensis .... 33
Neolelaps sp 213
Nesodynerus rudolphi. . . . 113, 160
Nesoprosopis blackburni 303
unica 198
Odynerus aprepes 38
blackburni 303
brevithorax 201
camelinus 38
ecostatus 38
deinogaster (?) 38
erythrostactes 38
frater 38
homoeogaster 38
instabilis 38
insulicola 38
konanus 38
* koolauensis 229
laevisulcatus 38
Maui species 37
microdemas 37, 38
molokaiensis 38, 233
monas 232
montanus 113, 160
naiadum 38
nasidens 201, 205
newelli 231
nigripennis. .17, 38, 113, 160 201
oahuensis 198
* perkinsi 228
pseudochromoides 160
pseudochromus 160
pseudopterocheiloides ..180
purpurifer 38
sandwichensis 38
scoriaceus 233
simplicornis 201
smithii 231
tempe 38
vulcanus 70
xerophilus 232
Omphale metallicus. . 160, 162, 210 Oreocrabro abnormis 115
Pachodynerus nasidens. . 203, 206
simplicornis. .205, 206, 228
*Pachyprosopis 29
* mirabilis 30
*Palaeorhiza 29
perviridis 29
Panlscus latro 289
Paraphelinus xiphidii 21
Parasierola cellularis 283
sp 207
Pentarthron flavum..l60, 162, 209
Perissopterus sp 216
*Phanerotoma melanocephala. .290 Pheidole javana 182
megacephala 178, 308
Phenopria sp 213
Philinothrix bicolor 10
Pimpla hawaiiensis 106
Pison hospes 17, 201
iridipennis 9
Plagiolepis exigua..l82, 207, 310
mactavishi 207, 310
*Platyscelio wilcoxi 283
Pogonomyrmex occidentalis ..306 Polistes aurifer 175, 181
hebraeus 90, 283
macaensis 90
semiflavus 283
Polynema reduvioli 57
Pompilus SP...187, 188, 198, 218,
219, 228, 237 Ponera contracta 310
gleadowii r. decipiens. .306
kalakauae 306, 310
perkinsi 306, 310
Prenolepis bourbonica 310
longicornis 310
sharpii 310
Pristomerus sp 207
Prosopis perviridis 29
Pseudobaeus 6
Pseudopterocheilus congruus ..38 Psichacra molokaiensis 10
subrufa 10
Pteroptrichoides perkinsi ....216
sp 216
Rhynchium brunneum 283
Sceliphron caementarium. .17, 193,
194, 200, 201, 202 ♦Scleroderma duarteanum ...283
kaalae 113
sp 159
Scutellista cyanea 215
Sierola sp 113
Solenopsis gemmata 175, 178,
208, 308
sp 182
Spalangia cameroni 286
* metallica . .286
Stenamma longiceps 306
Strumigenys lewisi 195
Syntomosphyrum esurus .... 22 Tapinonia melanocephalum ...310 Technomyrmex albipes. . . . 237, 310 Tetramorium guinense. . .182, 207,
308
sp 182
Tetrastichus hagenowii ....91, 287
Thysanus sp 216, 228
Tomocera californica ....216, 286
ceroplastis 216
Toxeuma sp 213
Tremex columba 228
Trybliographa hawaiiensis ... 10
Trichogramma pretiosa 6
Uscana semifumipennis. .210, 218,
219
DIFTERA.
Agromyza diminuta 226
sp 226
Ceratitis capitata 182, 218
Chaetogaedia monticola.7, 160, 162 ♦Charadromyia 292
* abnormis 292, 295
* torrenticola 292
Chironomus hawaiiensis 291
Dacus cucurbitae 92
Dicranomyia sp 199, 225
Dyscritomyia sp 179
Eristalis punctulatus 91
tenax 91
Eumerus marginatus 91
Euxesta annonae 161
Hippoboscid 188, 206
Lucilia dux 91
Lyperosia irritans 193
serrata 92
Mediterranean fruit-fly 196
Musca domestica 91
Pigeon fly 206
Pipunculus swezeyi 160, 162
Psilopus sp 218
Sciara molokaiensis 161
Stomoxys calcitrans 91
Syritta oceanica 96
Tanytarsus lacteiclavus 291
Telmatogeton alaskensis ....292
sanctipauli 292
♦Tephritis dubautiae 147
Ugimya sericariae 8
ItEFIBOPTEZlA.
Adenoneura falsifalcellum.93, 142
plicatum 142
rufipennis 142
Adrapsa manifestalis 133
Agrotis cinctipennis. .7, 133, 208, 234
cremata 132
crinigera 133, 234
dislocata 132
saucia 132
selenias 234
ypsilon 132, 194, 234
Amorbia emigratella 142, 155,
161, 165
Angoumois grain moth 145
Anosia erippus 134
plexippus 114
Aphthonetis corticicolor 114
kauaiensis 139
*Archips fuscocinereus. . .237, 275
longiplicatus 142, 237
postvittanus. .142, 155, 161
* sublichenoides . ..237, 276 subsenescens 237
Aristotelia elegantior 138
» gigantea 236, 274
ichthyocroa 138
mendax 221
nigriciliella 138
.\utosticha pelodes 138
Bactra straminea. . . .142, 198, 237
Batrachedra rileyi 139
sophroniella 139, 198
*Bedellia boehmeriella. . . .143, 185 225 minor 143, 224
• oplismeniella. .143, 184, 225
orchilella 225
somnulentella . ...143, 224 struthionella 225
Blastobasis inana 141
♦Capua cassia 183
pleonectes 237
♦ santalata 276
Caradrina reclusa 3, 133
Cirphis amblycasis 234
macrosaris 233
pyrrhias 234
typhlodes 233
unipuncta 208, 234
Cnidocampa flavescens 195
Corcyra cephalonica 212
Cosmophila noctivolans. .133, 208
sabulifera 133, 208
Cremastobombycia lantanella. .182,
224 Crocidosema lantana ....141, 165
plebiana 141. 209
Cryptoblabes aliena..l35, 200, 218 Cryptophloebia illepida. . . .14, 142,
197 Cyane terpsichorella 143, 166
Deilephila calida 134
lineata 134
wilsoni 134
Diplosara lig-nivora 141, 236
Dipterina fulvosericea 142
Eccoptocera foetorivorans ...141, 237
Enarmonia sp 15
walsinghami. .142. 197, 237
Endrosis lactella 141, 236
Epagoge infaustana. .114, 142, 155 161, 198
Ephestia elutella 135, 165, 211
kuehniella 27
Ephestiodes gilvescentella ... 27
Episilia ceramophaea 234
Ereunetis flavistriata 17, 142
minuscula . ...114. 142, 155
penicillata 142
simulans 142
Eriopygodes euclidias 233
Ethniia colonella 139
Eucymatoge craterias. . . .192, 234
dryinombra 234
monticolans 234
orichlorls 234
*E>uhyposmocoma 277
* trivitella 222, 278
Euperissus cristatus 141
Evergestis anastamosalis 137
Gelechia gossypiella. .138, 207. 228
Generic synopsis 44, 98
Genophantis iodora 135, 198
• leahi 103, 135
*Gracilaria dubautiella 223, 278
epibathra 88, 143, 223
• hauicola 106, 143, 224
* hibiscella 224, 279
• mabaella 89, 143, 223
marginestrigata.88, 143, 223
Heliothis armigera 133, 194
Hellula undalis 137, 194
Heterocrossa crinifera 222
distincta 141, 195
divaricata 141, 198
gemmata 141, 236
gracillima 141, 236
herbarum 236
inscripta 141, 236
latifasciata 236
olivaceonitens 141
plumbeonitida 236
solutella 114
subumbrata 141
trigononotata 209
Homoeosoma amphibola 234
humeralis 114, 135
Hydriomena aphoristis 234
* giffardi 234, 271
* roseata 234, 271
Hymenia exodias 209
Hymenia recurvalis. . . 90, 136, 194 Hypenodes altivolans 133, 234
epichalca 234
Hyperdasys cryptogamiellus ..141 Hypocala andremona. . . .6, 85, 133
velans 85, 86, 133
Hyposmocoma abjecta 140
alliterata 114, 140
atropurpurea 198
bacillella 140
blackburnii 140, 302
canella 140
chilonella 140, 155, 159,
162, 236
■ discella 140
dorsella 236
• ekaha 105. 140
liturata 140
lupella 236
metrosiderella 140
montivolans 140
notabilis 140
parda 140
partita 140
quinquemaculata 236
saccophora 140
subcitrella 140
subnitida 236
trimaculata 140
vicina 140
Hyssia compsias 233
Leucania amblycasis 132
euclidias 132
pyrrhias 132
unipuncta 132
Lineodes ochrea 214
Lycaena baeiica 135, 196
blackburni 135, 302
Lycophotia saucia 208, 234
Mapsidius auspicata 141
Margaronia exaula 136
Mecyna aurora 137
virescens 137
Meliphora grisella 136
Mestolobes mesacma 235
ochrias 235
Monopis crocicapitella 143
monachella 143
Myelois ceratoniae 135
Neelysia argyresthiella 139
cleodorella 139
*Nesamiptis newelli 270
obsoleta 133, 208
Nomophila noctuella 137, 235
Nymphula fluctuosalis 194
Odezia hecate 194
Oecia maculata 141
Omiodes accepta. .136, 198, 209, 235 anastrepta 136
* anastreptoidls 272
antidoxa 136
asaphombra 136, 198
blackburni 40, 45, 75, 93,
132, 136, 302
continuatalis. . .114, 136, 209
demaratalis 136
* fullawayi 235, 272
iridias 136
localis 136, 198, 209, 235
* maia 74, 136, 198
meyricki 40, 75, 136
monogona 136, 209
monogramma 136, 198
* musicola 40, 74, 75, 136
on banana 218
scotaea 235
Omphisa anastamosalis 194
Opogona apicalis 142, 237
aurlsquamosa. .142, 155, 280
* purpuriella 280
Opostega dives 224
maculata 198, 224
Orneodes objurgatella 138
Orthomecyna epicausta 235
metalycia 235
Panaphelix marmorata 23 7
Paralipsa modesta 211
Philodoria auromagnifica. .143, 223
basalis 222, 237
micropetala. . .143, 156, 160, 161, 198, 222
splendida 143, 223
Phlyctaenia argoscelis 235
calliastra 136
caminopis 235
calcophanes 136
chytropa 136
despecta 137
ennychioides 137
eucrena 136, 198, 235
iocrossa 136, 235
liopis 235
metasema 137, 235
micacea 209, 235
monticolans 136
nigrescens 136
ommatias 137
platyleuca 136, 235
pyranthes 137, 198, 235
stellata 137, 154, 159,
161. 198, 235
synastra 235
Phthorimaea operculella. .138, 221
Platyptilia litoralis 236
rhynchophora 236
Plodia interpunctella 135
Plusia biloba 234
chalcites. .133, 154, 161, 234
* giffardi 234, 270
Plutella maculipennis 141, 194
Pontia rapae 135
Prays fulvocanellus 141, 236
Promylaea pyropa 137, 221
Pseudosphinx discistriga 115
Pyralis mauritialis 138
Pyrameis cardui 194
Pyrausta chloropis 235
constricta 137, 198
dryadopa 137
* thermantoidls 235, 273
Scoparia actias 235
balinopis 235
crataea 235
epimystis 235
erebochalca 235
frigida 209
geraea 235
halirrhoa 235
hawaiiensis 235
ianthes ? 235
• lycopodiae 104, 137, 198
marmarias 235
melichlora 137, 235
meristls 137, 236
nectarias 235
• nectarioides 235,273
ombrodes 198
parachlora 235
platyscia 236
pyrseutis 235
siderina 137, 209
thyellopis 235
venosa 236
Scotorythra arboricolans 234
aruraea 134, 234
capnopa 234
caryopis 134
corticea 134
hyparcha 234
idolias 134
isospora 134
ortharca 234
oxyphractis 234
pachyspila 234
paludicola 209, 234
rara. .134, 154, 160, 161, 209, 234
syngonopa 134
Semnoprepia fulvogrisea 141
petroptilota 141, 236
Setomorpha dryas 143
Simplicia robustalis 133
Sitotroga cerealella 138
Sphingid from Larat 12
Sphinx convolvuli 134, 234
Spodoptera exigua 133
mauritia 133
Stagmatophora incertulella ...139 quadrifasciata 139
Stoeberhinus testaceous 138
Thecla agra 193
echion 193
Thyrocopa abusa 139, 154
albonubila 138, 236
argentea 138
fraudulentella 138, 236
indecora 138
pulverulenta 138
* sapindiella 274
Tinea fuscipunctella 143
Tortrix metallurglca 142
* semicinereana 237, 276
Trichoptilus oxydactylus 138
Vanessa atalanta 134
cardui 134
Vanessa huntera 114, 135
tammeamea. . .114, 134, 153, 159, 160, 161, 198, 209 Zinckenia fascialis 90
COI.EOFTEBA.
Acalles humeralis 156, 162
Acythopeus aterrimus 168
Adoretus tenuimaculatus .178, 195,
219
umbrosus 91, 194
Anomala orientalis 219
Antilissus aper 157
Apomecyna pertigera 228
Blackburnia 302
Bruchus chinensis 194
prosopls 210
Calandra oryzae 145
Callithmysus koebelei. . . .151, 161,
162, 163 Caryoborus gonagra. .167, 206, 210,
214
Chllocorus slmilis 22
Clytarlus microgaster 147
Ceolophora inequalis 114, 158,
162, 199
Coccinella abdominalis 71
Crossotarsus externedentatus. .228 Cryptamorpha desjardinsii ....158 Cryptolaemus montrouzieri ..114,
158, 162 Cryptorhynchus batatae 168
mangiferae 35
Cylas formicarius 194
Dromaeolus arduus 94
Dryophthorus crassus. . . .156, 162
declivis 156, 162
dlstinguendis 156, 162
gravidus 156, 162
insignis 156, 162
insignoides 156, 162
modestus 156, 162
oahuensis 156, 162
squalidus 156, 162
Dryotribus mimeticus 84
Epitragus diremptus 93
Eupetinus impressus 157, 162
Euscepes batatae 168
Fern weevil 210
Gnatholymnaeum blackburni ..302
Gonioryctus blackburni 302
Haloxenus 84
Heteramphus sp., in fern. .210, 227
Hyperomorpha squamosa 168
Itodacnus blackburnianus ....302
Lasioderma serricorne 194
Lasiorhynchus barbicornis ...219
Macrancylus 84
Melanoxanthus melanocephalus 91
Metrothorax blackburni 302
Mirostenus blackburni 302
blackburnioides 302
Nesopetinus blackburni 302
blackburnianus 302
Novius cardinalis 25
Pentarthrum blackburni 302
Plagithmysus blackburni 302
lamarkianus. . .156, 162, 163
perkinsi 87
Platyomus lividigaster. . .114, 158, 162
Proterhinidae 17
Proterhinus blackburni. . .157, 162, 302
excrucians 212, 226
maurus 195
vestitus 157, 162
Pseudolus longulus 93
Ptillides blackburni 302
Rhizobius ventralis 158, 162
Rhyncogonus blackburni 302
Saprinus lugens 181
Scymnus vividus 199
Sipalus gigas (?) 228
Sphenophorus obscurus 92
Syagrius fulvitarsis. .108, 115, 208, 218, 219
Thalattodora insignis 84
Thoracophorus blackburni ....302
Xyletobius blackburni 302
•walsinghami 157, 162
HEMIFTEBA.
Aleyrodes hibisci 216
sonchi 216
Antonina boutelouae 127
Aphids, list of 163-165
Aphis bambusae 164
brassicae 164, 216
gossypii 164
maidis 165, 215
medicag-inis 164
myosotidis 165
pappaveris 164
sacchari 164, 216
swezeyi 164
Apiomorpha duplex 179
Arctocorixa blackburni 303
Aspidiotus camelliae 216
cyAnophylli 112, 128
cydoniae 129, 216
destructor 128
flcus 194
lataniae 129
rapax 216, 228
Asterolecaniuni bambusae ....127
miliaris 127
pustulans 216
Aulacaspls rosae 216
Austroloma austrina 258
bicolor 260
fusconervata 259
grandis 260
pallida 259
pallidula 259
Belocera 239
sinensis 240
Borysthenes certus 263
incertus 264
magnus 264
simulans 264
Cenchrea maorica 80
Centrotypus with deformed
pronotum 39
Cerataphis lataniae 165
Ceroplastes rubens 215, 216
Cerpputo ambigua 73
Chionaspis citri 128
Chrysocoris grandis 103
Chrysomphalus aonidum. .129, 216
dictyospermi 129
rossi 129
•Cissococcus (?) oahuensis. . .149, 179
Cixius franciscanus 22
Coccus acuminatus 148, 174
hesperidum 192
longulus 194
mangiferae 147, 148
* muiri n. nom 37
punctuliferus 128
tuberculatus 37
viridis 128. 215. 216, 218
Cochise apache 239
Coleotichus blackburniae 303
Cylindrococcus spiniferous ...179
*Danepteryx artemisiae 23
* barbarae 23
lurida 23
manca 23
Diaspis bromeliae 216
echinocacti 128
Dictyophorodelphax mirabilis. . .2, 217
*Eoeurysa 249
* flavocapitata 249
•Epelytes 119
* drapetes 119
Eriosoma mali 165
*Eumetopina calignosa 248
* flavipes . . . ; 248
♦Fulvius peregrinator 120
Geococcus radicum 108, 127
*Geoneossus 238
* sacchari 239
Harlequin cabbage bug 228
Hemichionaspis aspidistrae ...128
minor 128, 213, 216
Hemiptera, Notes on Ancestry
of 116
California list 123
Howardia biclavis 216
Hyalopeplus pellucidus 196
Icerya purchasi 25, 194
Idiopteris nephrolepidis 164
lolania perkinsi 75. 199
* var. notata 75
*Kinnara brunnea 265
* flavifrons 265
* fulva 266
* sordida 266
*Kirbyana javana 260
* pratti 260
Lampromicra leucocyanea ....103
Lasiochilus decolor 158, 162
Lepidosaphes citricola 194
laslanthi 130
Lophococcus maximus 115
Macrosiphum circumflexum ...164
rosae 164
sanborni 164
trifolii 164
sp 216
Margarodes trimeri 107
Megarrhamphus hastatus 39
♦Melanesia borneoensis 252
Membracid 188
Metrarga nuda 158, 162
♦Mundopa albocacuminis 262
* caliginea 262
» fasciolata 261
lunata 261
* neocaliginea 262
Myzocallis kahawaluokalani ..165
Myzus citricidus 164, 192
persicae 164, 216
*Neommatissus 267
* spurcus 268
Nesodryas freycinetiae 13
Nesophrosyne pipturi ...159, 161
ponapona 114, 159, 161
*Nesoplias artemesiae. . . .114, 118 Nesosydne ipomoeicola 81
pipturi.. 114, 159, 160, 161,
213
Nysius delectus 114
Odonaspis graminis 129, 215
eecretus 129
Oechalia consocialis 82, 83
grisea 82, 83, 114, 199
var. paciflca 83
var. patruelis 83
kaonohi 82, 83
Oliarus acaciae 78
filicicola 77
...22 ...78
...77 . .. 77 .. . 77 .78, 79
franciscanus . haleakalae ....
hevaheva
kahavalu . ... kanakanus . . . kaohinani . ...
kaonohi 77, 78
var. volcanicola 78
kauaiensis 79
koanoa 78, 79
monticola 78
montivagus 78, 199
morai 77, 78
nemoricola 79
nubigenus 78, 199
79 79 79 79 79 78
orono
var. molokaiensis var. oahuensis . . ,
paludicola
pele
pluvialis
procellaris 77
puna 79
silvestris 78
silvicola 78
table of species 77
tamehameha 77
tarai 77
Olliflella cristicola 149, 179
*Ommatissus chinsanensis ....267
* lofouensis 267
Oronomiris hawaiiensis 60
Orthezia insignis 11, 81
Orthoea nigriceps 114
Orthotylus iolani 114
venusta 255
Ossa formosa 255
Pagaronia 13 — punctata 70
• var. octopunctata 70
Parlatoria mytilaspiformis ...130
zizyphi 194
Paropulopa interrupta 70
Pentalonia nigronervosa 164
*Perimececer 250
• giffardi 251
Perkinsiella saccharicida. . .20, 37,
51, 268
• thompsoni 240
•Phyllodinus macaoensis 246
Poecilocoris druraei 103
Poecilometis gravis 81
♦Psallus swezeyi 114, 120
Pseudaonidia clavigera 129
Pseudococcus aonidum 215
aurilanatus 127, 130
bromeliae 127
calceolariae 110
citri 159, 161, 215
nipae 95
sacchari 110, 127
saccharifolii 215, 281
sp 95
virgatus 215
Ptoleria australis 258
brunnea 257
communis 257
granulinervis 256
maculata 257
magna 258
Pulvinaria mammae 215
psidii 215
urbicola 127
•Punana 249
• brunnea 250
Purohita cervina 243
• f uscovenosa 243
Reduviolus arrogans 64
blackburni 49, 50, 51, 52,
60, 114, 303
capsiformis. .49, 50, 51, 52,
53, 57, 59
curtipennis 68
eggs of 52
habits of 51
kahavalu 51, 61
• kaohinani 50, 68
kerasphoros 53, 65
koelensis 63
• lolupe 68
lusciosus. . .50, 65, 158, 162, 199
monticola 66
morai 62
• nesiotes 50, 65
• nubicola 67
nubigenus 63
• paludicola 68
• pele : . 67
• procellaris 67
rubritinctus 65
sharpianus 64
silvestris 67
silvicola 66
subrufus 53, 64, 199
• var. melemele 64
table of distribution 56
table of species 58
tarai 51, 53, 61
truculentus. . .52, 53, 63, 64,
158, 161. 162
volcanicola 68
Rhopalosiphum violae 164
Ripersiella sp 73
Saissetia hemispherica. . .159, 161,
215
nigra 215
Sardia rostrata 246
Siphanta acuta 81, 93, 175
♦Sogatopsis 247
• pratti 247
♦Stobaera azteca 242
concinna (?) 241
granulosa 242
• koebeli 242
testacia 243
tricarinata 241
Takahashia japonica 72, 128
♦Tambinia concolor 253
formosa 255
• fuscocoriata 254
• laratica 254
• macaoana 253
• terryi 253
venusta 255
Tectocoris diophthalmus 103
Teleonemia lantanae 182
Tettigonia mollipes (?) 217
Tichorhinus lolani 158, 161
kanakanus 159, 161
Toxoptera aurantiae 164
caricis 164
Tricentrus albomaculatus ....188
♦Trichoduchus biermani 255
Triphleps pumilio 121
♦Tropidocepliala amboinensis. .244
atrata 244
brunnipennis 246
festiva 244
• neoamboinensis 246
• neoelegans 245
• neogracilis 243
n. sp 246
• saccharicola 245
saccharivorella 244
*Ugyops amboinensis 251
• lalokensis 252
liturifrons 251
OBTHOFTEBA.
Atractomorpha crenaticeps ... 92 Brachymetopa blackburni.199, 303
unica 195
Eleutheroda dytiscoides. . . .71, 195
Elimaea appendiculata 71
Euthyrrhapha pacifica 145
Gryllotalpa africana 92, 194
Holochlora venosa 71
Loboptera extranea 199
Mantid, Japanese 217
Oxya velox 92. 194
Periplaneta australasiae 71
Prognathogryllus sp., eggs of. .213
Rhyparobia maderae 71. 114
Tenodera sinensis 95
Xiphidium varipenne 21
NEUBOFTEBA
Agrion amaurodytum 180. 181
asteliae 181
blackburni 303
koelense 180. 181
Caloternies castaneus 160. 162
Pormicaleo perjurus 228
wilsoni 228
Nesogonia blackburni 303
Termites with parasites 37
misscei.i;akeot7S.
Achatinella lymaniana 180
Birds, introduction of 169
Blackburn, Rev. Thomas, letter
from 146
obituary of .301
California blackbird 174
Common names of economic in- sects 295
Coleoptera 298
Diptera 297
Hemiptera 299
Hymenoptera 296
Miscellaneous 300
Craw. Alexander, biography of. 24 Pediculoides ventricosus 206
Elenchus sp 81 Pipturus insects 153
Heliothrips rubricinctus 115 Revised constitution and by-
Heteropoda regia 196 laws 42
Kirkaldy, G. W., obituary of. . .151 Scorpion from Java 73
Neocholax jacobsoni 163 Terry, F. W., obituary of 189
New Zealand flycatcher 163 Xenos 181
Palamnaeus sp 73
EERATA AND CORRIGEIs^DA.
Page 9, "Pison iridipennis" mentioned was later identified as Pison argentatum. 12, "Sphingid from Larat'' was later identified as Pseu- dosphmx discistriga. " 15, line 17, change "Enarnonia sp." to "Adenoneura fal-
sifalcelhiDi AValsm." '* 84, second line from bottom, "Perkins" slionld not be
italics. " 112, line 28, for "cyanophyU" read "cyanophylli.'' 114, line 19, for "Nesoprosyne" read "Nesophrosyne." 136, line 10, for "enphorbiaceous" read "apocyanaceons." " 138, delete line 7.
" 138, line 19, for "Trespesia" read "Tliespesia." '' 142, line 20, for "Tortix" read "Tortrix." "' 161, line 18, for "panapona" read "ponapona." '' 164, bottom line, for "appaveris" read " pappveris." " 165, line 17, for "Ephesia' read "Ephestia." " 179, third line from bottom, for ''Lencanid" read "Ln-
canid." '' 183, line 30, second word, for '"epidemis" read *'epi-
dermis." " 186, line 36, for "1911" read "1910." " 192, line 11, for "Ichnenmonidae" read "Ichneumonidae." "' 198, line 4, for "Wailna" read "Waialna." 198, line 32, for "fusator" read "fuscator." " 215, footnote for "Aphycus terryi" omitted ; shonld read "For description, see page 281." 216, lines 2 to o, the columns of the list are reversed. " 216, line 10, for "coroplastae" read "ceroplastae." " 232, lines 16-20 shonld go to bottom of page. " 236, lines 17-18, the figures in the table for "Ilyposmo- coma dorsella and Ilyposmocoma quinquemaculata" should be interchanged. 237, delete line 10: "ArrJilps licJtciioidcs Walsm."
243, fifth line from bottom, delete "slightly." 261, line 11, for "Mr. C." read "Mr. H. C."
268, line26, for "vertex" read "ventral."
269, line 2, for "second" read "first."
275, line 27, for "Torticidae" read "Tortricidae."
281, lines 2 and 3 from bottom, for "saccliarifolia" read
"saccliarifol'd." 293, lines 10-19 should go to the bottom of page. 302, line 19, for "Proterliiuus" read "Proterliinus.'' 302, bottom line, for "blackhurni" read "hlachhurnii." 306, line 5 of second column of table, for "kalakauea"
read "kalakauae." 306, 308, 310, line 1 of second column of table, for "Hete-
rogina" read "Heterog^Tia."
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Hawaiian Entomological Society
Vol. II. Honolulu, Hawaii No. i
CONTENTS.
Swezey — Nymph of Dictyophorodelnhax mirabilis. [Horn.] 2
Perkins — Notes on Hawaiian Insects 3
Swezey — Life History of Caradrina reclusa. [Lep.] 3
Swezev — Observations on the life history of Chaetogaedia montieola.
[Dipt] 7
Perkins — Synonomy of Hawaiian Cynipidae 10
Kotinsky — History and present status of Orthezia insignis. [Hem.] 11
Muir — On the stridulating organ of a Sphingid from Larat 12
Sv/ezey — The younger stages of Nesodryas freycinetiae. [Hom.] . 13
Swezey — Life history of two variable Tortricids 14
Swezey — Further notes on Melittobia hawaiiensis. [Hym.] 17
Swezey — On peculiar deviations from uniformity of habit among Chal-
cids and Proctotrupids. [Hym.] 18
Kirkaldy — A brief note on three (two new) California Fulgoroid
Hemiptera 22
Kotinsky — Biography of Alexander Craw 24
Perkins — Some remarkable Australian Hymenoptera. 27
JANUARY 2nd, 1908.
The thirtv-sixtli refrnlar meetins^ was held in the Library of the H. S. P. A. Experiment Station, Mr. GiflFard in the chair.
MEMBERS ELECTED.
G. R. Carter, Henry Holmes.
NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS.
Mr. Kirkaldy exhibited a large and interesting collection of Chinese Heteroptera.
Mr. Swezey exhibited specimens and gave the following description :
October, 1908.
Nymph of Didyophorodelpha.x mirabilis Swezey. December 5, 1907, I obtained an adult and 2 nymphs of this species from the same ridge of Konahnanui on which I first collected 4 adult specimens in February, 1906. (Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, I, p. 104, 1907). I was unable to determine its food- plant, however, whether it was fern, grass, or sedge, or some- thing else. These being mixed together where I had swept with the net each time when a specimen was obtained.
Nymph — whitish with pale brown marRIngs on tegminal-pads, sides of thorax and abdomen. A fuscous streak on side of head pro- longation. Legs white, with 2 black spots on dorsal side of tibiae the one nearer base small, the one nearer apex larger, those on pos- terior tibiae smaller than those on the other tibiae; tips of tarsi black, a black spot at apex of basal joint of hind tarsi. Prolongation of head about as long as head and thorax together.
Two short black-tipped spines on outer side of hind tibiae, one near base, the other a little beyond middle. Calcar of hind tibiae with 6-7 tiny black teeth.
Dictyophorodelphax mirabitis. Fig. i. adult; 2 side view of head; 3, male genitalia; 4, full grown nymph; 5 side view of head of nymph. Fig. 3, highly enlarged; other figures, x 12%.
FEBKUAEY 13th, 1908.
The thirty-seventh regular meeting was held at the usual place, Mr. Giffard in the chair.
Dr. Perkins and Mr. Kotinsky were appointed a committee to draw up and submit to the Society a list of popular names of the more common economic insects in order to secure uni- formity of use among the local entomologists.
PAPERS.
Notes on Hawaiian Insects.
BY DK. K. C. L. PERia]!^S.
This paper consisted of general remarks on a number of chiefly undescribed insects, the descriptions of which will appear elsewhere.
Life History of Camdrina. reclusa. Walker.
BY OTTO H. SWEZEY.
This ISToctuid has become quite numerous in Honolulu and the adjacent mountains within the past two or three years. The first that T noticed it was in Kalihi, Oahu, March, 1906, and Hamakua and Kohala, Hawaii, April, 1906. Dr. Perkins had taken specimens a few years previously. During the summer of 1906 certain black caterpillars were observed by Mr. Giffard and Dr. Perkins very abundant on Mt. Tantalus. These on rearing proved to be the moth under consideration. A few months later the same caterpillars were found abundant at Maunawili, by Messrs. Giffard and Terry. Since that time, the caterpillars and moths have been observed by different ones at different places in the vicinity of Honolulu and the south- east end of the island. The moth has also been taken on Maui.*
I recently sent specimens of the moth to Dr. Dyar of the U. S. ISTat. Museum, who identified them as Caradrima reclusa Wlk. In Hampson's "Moths of British India," the habitat of
*In August 1908, caterpillars were found very numerous at Koloa. Kauai. They were in a grove of mountain apple trees {Eugenia malac- censis). They probably had fed on the leaves of the very small trees, which were coming up very numerously, and other herbatre: but at the time were feeding largely on the fallen fruit. [O. H. S.]
Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, II, No. 1, Oct., 1908.
this moth is given as Nilgiris, Ceylon, Borneo, Fiji. It evi- deiitlj reached Hawaii from the latter place.
In October, 1907, I caught in my house at Ivaimuki a female of this moth, which deposited eggs during the night, and I was enabled to make complete observations on the life his- tory. The eggs were not laid in a mass or cluster, but scattered around singly, or two or three together on the surface of leaves ; in several places, 5, 7 and 8 respectively, were nearly in rows on the surface of grass leaves ; there were also eggs on the cloth covering the jar in which she was retained ; in one place, 9 were closely clustered together. There were- 216 eggs in all. The moth died the 4th day.
The egg is hemispherical, having the flattened surface next to the leaf; ribbed meridionally with about 30 ribs, 10 of which reach the upper pole ; slight cross ridges between the ribs ; at the upper pole an irregiTlar patch of reddish color, an irregular ring of the same color at about 1-3 the distance from pole to base of egg, remainder of egg pale green, w^hen first laid, entirely pale green, tbe reddish markings appearing soon after. Eggs hatched in 5 days.
Larva: 1st stage — about 2mm. long when first hatched; dull whitish, head black ; cervical shield and tubercles nearly black. The hairs in tubercles quite prominent, dark. They crawl by a looping motion, using of the prolegs, only the anal and those on segment 10^ the other prolegs are rudimentary. They eat off the surface of leaves, leaving one epidermis.
2nd stage — about 4mm. long, pale mottled reddish green, with a dorsal and on each side a subdorsal stripe, paler, head very pale luteous, eyes black ; tubercles small, with a tiny blackish dot at base of hairs ; hairs pale, shorter than in first stage. They now use abdominal prolegs of segments 9 and 10 (others rudimentary) and still crawl by a looping motion. They now eat holes thru the tender leaves ; but in older leaves, leave one epidermis.
3rd stage — about 6-8mm. long ; very much mottled with green- ish, blackish and some times a faint reddish tinge ; a dorsal whitish line on each side, darker along ventral side; segment 12 slightly swollen, two whitish spots on dorsal side; segment 6 also has two white spots on dorsal side each in a subdorsal line; tubercles white; hairs very short; head slightly fuscous
except the upper and posterior parts which are pale brown where usually withdrawn into segment 2, eyes black; ceiwical shield darker than rest of body with dorsal white line less prominent than on other segments, the subdorsal lines more prominent. All prolegs now fully developed.
4th stage — 15-1 7mm. ; much more mottled and variegated than preceding stage with black, browns, olivaceous, yellowish and whitish, the darker colors predominating ; two more or less conspicuous sub-dorsal rows of black spot? on segments 7-12, a broad paler region on dorsum between these, in the middle of which is a series of obscure lozenge-shaped darker spots; head mostly black except the periphery (portion covered when re- tracted) which is pale brown; two conspicuous whitish sub- dorsal spots on segment 6; posterior sub-dorsal parts of seg- ment 12 and upper parts of segment 13 yellowish; spiracles black, a yellowish streak below them ; tubercles not conspicuous, same color as place where situated, hairs short; 12th segment quite swollen,
5th and 6th stages — very similar to fourth stage, but usually darker, almost black. When full-grown 26-32inm. long. When disturbed the caterpillars drop from the leaf where feeding and mostly lie straight and rigid, feigning death. When smaller they dropped and curled up when disturbed.
The caterpillar in breeding-cage ate leaves of sweet potato, bean, Portulaca, grass and "honohono" {Commelina). They did not take readily to sugar-cane. In nature they have not been found injuring any cultivated plant or crop, but it is possible that they might do so later on if they become more abundant.
The five molts occur at intervals of 3-9 days, usually about 4 days ; and the caterpillars become full-grown in 30-40 days. The pupa is formed in the soil, an inch or two below the sur- face. It is 13-1 5mm. long; uniform medium brown, eyes black, wing-, leg-, and antenna-cases extend to apex of 4th abdominal segment; articulations between segments 4-7 movable; a row of about 20 pits on dorsal part of basal margin of segments 5, 6 and 7, from the ends of these rows a band of punctures extends around the ventral side; apex of abdomen blunt and rounded, with two dark S]nnes placed near together, their tips converging, slightly ventraliy curved. Pupal period 12-14 days.
MAjRCH 5th, 1908.
Tlie thirty-eighth regular meeting was held in the usual place, Mr. Giffard in the chair.
MEMBERS ELECTED.
D. B. Kuhns, J. W. Waldron, A. Waterhouse, H. E. Cooper.
NOTES AND EXHIBITION OF SPECIMENS.
Mr, Wilder exhibited a male and female and several inflated lar\'ae of Hypocala andreniona ( ?). He discovered the cater- pillar in large numbers on one of his trees on January 11th, of the present year and brought them to the Board's entomolo- gists who could not identify it with anything known to them. Upon further study and subsequent breeding by Messrs. Craw, Kotinsky, Swezey and Jordan it proved to be the above named species. All stages of the insect were observed and parasites (Trichogramma pretiosa) bred from the eggs. Mr. Swezey called attention to the remarkable color variation in the cater- pillars, of which scarcely two were alike, nor was there any apparent relation between colors and sex. Mr. Kotinsky spoke of the peculiar confinement of the insect to a single tree in the vicinity investigated. The identity of the tree could not be ascertained as no flower of it was ever seen. Some insect was known to have injured the tree for the past two or three years, but hitherto undiscovered.
Dr. Perkins wished to record the presence on these islands of two parasitic Tlymenoptera remarkable for similarity in appearance, yet belonging to what he considers two distinct genera, both of which are new and to be described. Both are common in Honolulu and belong to the family Scelionidae, sub-family Baemae; one or both of them may be parasitic on eggs of foreign Hcteroptera, though from the habits of allied species they would be expected to breed in spiders eggs. The male has 12 antennal segments, the female 7 with a solid club. One of these genera will be named Pseudohaeus, the other Dyscritoljaeus.
PAPER READ.
Observations on the Life-History of Cha.etoga.edia. monticola. Bigot. BY OTTO H. SWEZEY.
It is but recently that I discovered the method of egg-laying of this Tachina fly. It is usually stated in entomological litera- ture that Tachina flies lay their eggs on the bodies of their hosts ; in fact with certain species the act has been observed, but for far the greater number of them, the act of egg-laying has not been observed , or at any rate not recorded. That Chaetogaedia had a difl^erent method of laying eggs was surmised, when in June, 1907, this parasite was reared from more than half of a lot of pupae of Agrotis cincUpennis, one of the less common native cutworms. The eggs of this lot of cutworms were hatched in breeding cage and grew to maturity without the possibility of access of a Tachina fly ; hence, considerable of a mystery arose when more Tachinids than moths bred out from the lot. (Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. I, pp. 163, 164, 1908.)
This mystery was not cleared up till in February, 1908, when in watching a female Chaetogaedia, as I supposed hunting for caterpillars amongst grass and weeds, I observed that she was laying eggs on the grass leaves. She would quickly crawl around among the leaves, only stopping momentarily to place an egg here and there on the surface of a leaf, never more than one per leaf. They were placed on the leaves of weeds as well as on the grass. After making this observation, it was easy to ex- plain how the caterpillars previously alluded to, become parasi- tized; for they were daily supplied with food (mostly Sonchus) gathered from outside where Tachinas were common, and had undoubtedly deposited many eggs on the leaves. The cater- pillars ate the leaves v/ith the eggs thereon, which hatched inside and grew to maturity, not however killing the caterpillars till after the latter had transformed to pupae.
I have since learned that another Tachina fly has similar habits of laying its eggs, the "TJji," which is very destructive to silk worm caterpillars in Japan. This is the only instance I have found in entomological literature of a Tachinid laying its eggs otherwise than directly on the host (caterpillar, grass- hopper, or whatever it is).
Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, II, No. 1, Oct., 1908.
8
The egg-laying habits and the life history of the "Ugi" (Ugimya sericanae Rondani) were published in detail by Sasaki, in Journ. Sei. Coll. Imp. Univ. Japan, 1886. The eggs are laid on mulberry leaves, eaten by the silk worms ; hatch in the digestive canal in a few hours ; the larvae bore thru its walls, feed on the ganglia for a time ; later enter the tracheal system and become located in a sort of cup or sac, with the spiracles at the posterior end near a spiracle of the caterpillar and the anterior end with the body cavity where it is convenient to feed on the fat of the silkworm; when fully developed the maggot forces its way out thru the skin of the silkworm (or pupa, if it has pupated) ; enters the ground to form its pupa- rium, within which it remains thru the winter.
Chaetogaedia monticola agrees with this in some parts of its development. The eggs are laid on leaves as before stated. The egg of Chaetogaedia appears as a tiny black dot on a grass leaf. It is .44mm. long by .25mm. broad, quite regularly ovate, shaped like a hen's egg only somewhat flattened where in contact with the leaf; smooth and shining black. A female dissected was found to have several hundred of them in the ovarian tubes. Another female which bred out in captivity, was dissected when several days old, to count the eggs. The oviduct contained 1066 eggs which were black and apparently ready for oviposi- tion. The ovarian tubes, Avhich are numerous and collected into two ball-like structures, were full of immature ova. Prob- ably the mapority that are laid are not eaten by caterpillars; hence, the provision of such a large number is to insure some of them being eaten. They are so small as to escape being injured by the jaws of the caterpillars in biting off bits of leaf, tho probably some are destroyed. They soon hatch in the alimen- tary canal of the caterpillar and bore thru its walls to the sur- rounding body cavity. If they did not hatch the same day they would probably pass out with the excrement. A caterpillar which had been fed with leaves on which quite a number of Chaetogaedia eggs (dissected from a caught female) had been spread, died after 5 days. It was dissected and 24 maggots of the parasite were found inside. They were about 2mm. long and were mostly located in the head and anterior segments of the caterpillar. Other caterpillars which had been similarly treated and had died, were dissected and fewer maffffots found
9
inside. With so many maggots there is not food enough for all, so the caterpillar dies too soon before the parasites can be- come full-grown. Perhaps only those caterpillars which have eaten but one egg, or have had but one egg hatch inside of them, are able to survive till the maggot becomes full-grown, and those having more than one maggot inside die too soon, and thus the maggots themselves die; at any rate, I never have reared more than one parasite per host, nor have I found more than one puparium formed per host.
In dissecting caterpillars containing maggots, I never have found maggots feeding on the nerve ganglia, as Sasaki has; but I have found them located, as he says, near a spiracle of the caterpillar, and enclosed in a sort of sac which is apparently an enlarged tracheal tube, the maggot locating in it when small and the tube becoming enlarged as the maggot grew. Usually there is a blackening of the caterpillar externally where one of these is located. Wlien about full-gi*own the maggot leaves the sac and lies lengthwise in the caterpillar (or pupa, if it has pupated) eating up all or nearly all of the fatty matter of the latter. It may be nearly full-grovtm at the time the caterpillar pupates, or it may be still quite small ; but I never have known of a case where the puparium of the parasite was formed before the caterpillar had pupated. The puparium is cylindrical, rounded at the anterior end, and rather blunt at the posterior end where it is often somewhat widened. It is of a very dark reddish color, and each of the two spiracular orifices at the posterior end has three black rounded protuberances around it. The anterior end is always directed anteriorly in the host pupa. The adult fly emerges in about 10 to 14 days from the time the puparium is formed.
APEIL 2nd, 1908.
The thirty-ninth regular meeting was held in the usual place, Mr. GifFard in the chair.
NOTES AND EXHIBITION OF SPECIMENS.
Referring to recent notes on Pison vridipennis presented to the Society by Mr. Swezey and others, Dr. Perkins stated that after collecting and carefully examining specimens of this sup- posed species, he is certain that it is not iridipennis and in
10
view of the breaking up of the genus it is possibly not even a Pison.
Mr. Giffard exhibited a very neatly mounted collection of Aculeate Hymenoptera collected at Summit, California, last summer,
PAPERS BEAD.
Synonomy of Hawaiian Cynipidae.
BY R. C. L. PERKINS.
Those who follow Dalla Torre & Kieffer in the Classification of the Cynipidae, will find the following changes necessary in Ashmead's species enumerated in the Fauna Hawaiiensis. Cothonaspis Hart.
Subg. Anedocleis Forst. hawaiiensis Ashm. =Hypodimnchis hmvuiiensis Ashm. lanaiensis Ashm.
=^Hypodiranc]iis lanaiensis Ashm. monticola Ashm. =Diranchis monticola Ashm. ruhripes D. T. & Kieff. =Diranchis rufipes Ashm.
nom. praeocc. in subg. Cothonaspis. Eucoela Westw.
Subg. Psichacra Forst.
molohaiensis Ashm. =r^Aglaotoma molohaiensis Ashm. suhrufa D. T. & Keiff. =^Aglaotoma rufivenfris Ashm.
nom. praeocc. in subg. Hexam^rooera. Subg. Hexamerocera. Jconensis Ashm. =Hexaplasta Jconensis Ashm. Tryhliographa hawaiiensis Ashm. I cannot find in Dalla Torre & Kieff er it is described by Ashmead as having a com- pletely closed marginal cell, while in Tryhliographa {=Ootho- naspis) this cell is open. Probably it should be referred to Eucoela subg. Psichacra. Pilinothrix hicolor Ashm. alone remains unchanged by the authors of the Cynipidae in Wyts- man's Genera Insectorum.
Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, II, No. 1, Oct., 1908.
11
History and Present Status of Orthezia insignis in Hawaii.
BY JACOB KOTINSKY.
Orthezia msignis was first discovered at Wailukii, Maui, in 1899 by Mr. G. P. Wilder of Honolulu aud Brother Frank of the Catholic Mission and was by the former brought to the government's attention in November of that year. Mr. Koebele heard of this unpleasant discovery while in Sydney, INew South "Wales, and forthwith issued instructions to have the pest eradi- cated. It would seem, however, that word had gone forth in the meantime proclaiming the bug as the true savior of the cattle industry from the lantana pest, and cattlemen everywhere eagerly, surreptitiously distributed it over their lantana infested fields.' The blackened appearance of the leaves served to ad- vertise the newly discovered remedy and was taken to indicate the doom of the pernicious plant. Despite repeated warnings by Mr. Koebele and other local entomologists the insect was distributed over all the important islands of the group.
APPEAEANCE ON OAHIJ.
In November, 1904, while crossing the Nuuanu Pali Mr. G-iftard drew the attention of Mr. Craw and the writer, who accompanied him, to what was probably the first appearance of the scale on this island — two patches of blackened lantana about one-third the way down the other side of the Pali. By way of the Pali and doubtless also on birds' feet it has crossed the ridge since and spread to and overrun all of the Kona dis- trict of this island. In this area it has touched an important residential portion of Honolulu, viz. : Manoa, Makiki and Pa- waa districts.
In course of its march seaward it was found on a large variety of plants, and actually killing several ornamental plants, like Coleus, Alternanthera, Gardenia, Meyenia and others. It was reported on citrns and banana trees but upon investigation the writer found that it did no more damage to these trees than to the chicken coop which it had also overrun in the same yard — it was merely a case of overflow from lantana on the ad- joining lot.
The question confronting us at present is whether the time is ripe for an attempt to check it. Needless to say that viewed
Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, II, No. 1, Oct., 1908.
12
from our present knowledge the Agromyzid alone would have probably sufficed to check lantana from further distribution. But before the introduction of any of the lantana destroyers this could not have been foreseen and, necessity to check lan- tana being urgent, several other safe species were introduced. These importations did not include Orthezia. But evidently ranchmen were in straightened circumstances, and seized upon Orthezia, whosoever was responsible for its introduction, as a godsend. Moreover they now claim that nothing has done so much toward killing lantana as did Orthezia, and large stretches of dead lantana testify to the correctness of their claims. Considered from the business view point Orthezia has done much material good by killing off large areas of lantana. Yet it is no denying that it is a disgusting scourge once it in- vades a garden. While it kills little perhaps, its presence in- duces growth of the sooty mold and turns black everything it overruns. The situation summarized is as follows : Orthezia is an undoubted blessing to the ranchmen whose best pastures are overrun by lantana ; it is a disagreeable pest to the horti- culturist, and, as lantana is the best soil builder we have, the owner of large tracts of arid rocky land is not thankful for its presence there.
In commenting upon these notes Dr. Perkins said that while the scale has thus far done more good than harm it is his belief that ultimately it may become injurious and will require control. Mr. Giffard stated that he is convinced the scale, and especially the copious amount of honey-dew it produces, interferes with the efficient work of the Tingid. In addition he said the agricultural and horticultural interests of the Territory required that the scale bug be placed in control.
MAY 7th, 1908.
The fortieth regular meeting was held in the usual place, Mr. Swezey in the chair.
EXHIBITION OF SPECIMENS.
Mr. Swezey exhibited large series of specimens illustrating his papers which follow.
On the Stridulating Organ of a Sphingid from Larat.
BY F, MUIB.
When in Larat my attention was attracted to this Sphingid by the loud noise it made both on the wing and at rest. I only
Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, II, No. 1, Oct., 1908.
13
succeeded in catching one, a male, and found that the noise was produced by a rapid lateral movement of the last segment of the body, where a highly specialized organ existed. The claspers, when closed, are shaped like the stem of a decked boat. On the dorsal surface (the deck) are two groups of highly specialized scales, flat, rough or hard forming a file. Along the posterior edge of the preceding segment the scales are also highly specialized, being stiff and shaped like the teeth of a comb. By a lateral movement of the segment that bears the claspers the files are rubbed against the "teeth" of the "comb" and produces a loud noise that can be distinctly heard ten yards away.
The Younger Stages of Nesodrya.s freycinetiae Kirkaldy. BY OTTO H. SWEZEY.
This is a delicate pale green little leaf-hopper living on the "ieie" vine {Freycinetia arnotti). The eggs are inserted in the younger leaves at the crown of the growing vine, parallel with the fibers of the leaves, one or two together. The young nymphs are very flat, adapted to crawling between the leaves in the crown of the plant. They also may be found exposed on the surfaces of the outer parts of the leaves, where they might not be recognized as young leaf-hoppers at first sight, on account of their flatness; and their coloration as described below allows them to be mistaken for a bit of dirt or debris.
The first stage is about 1.25mm. long and about 0.75mm. wide; flattish; head bluntly triangularly produced in front of eyes ; pale green ; sides and front of head, sides of thorax, two apical segments of abdomen (except median dorsal triangle in penultimate segment), femora, basal portion of tibiae and tips of tarsi, dark fuscous ; eyes red ; tibial spurs of hind legs have but one tooth, it and the spines at apex of tibiae and tarsal segments, black-tipped.
The second stage is about 1.5mm. long; coloration similar to previous stage except that the green portion is not so pale, and has a yellowish tinge. The tibial spurs have two teeth.
The third stage is about 3.25mm. long; coloration similar to second stage, except that the legs are less fuscous, and the ventral side has a bluish tinge. The tibial spurs now have three teeth.
Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, II, No. 1, Oct., 1908.
14
The fourth stage is about 3mm, long. The whole insect is now nearly all green, yellowish on thorax, and bluish below ; a few pale brownish markings on thorax, wing-pads and dorsum of abdomen; two fuscous spots on prothorax, one on costa of teg-minal-pad, near apex, one near inner angle of hind wing- pad, one at lateral margin of apical segment of abdomen ; a fuscous spot on lateral margin at apex of second and third abdominal segments; tips of tarsi fuscous; tibial spurs of hind legs have four teeth.
The fifth stage is very little larger than the fourth; colora- tion the same; the sensoria on the second segment of antennae are now fuscous.
It is worthy of note that the tibial spurs of the hind legs are simple in the first stage, i. e. have but one tooth and that is at the apex; and that a tooth is added for each stage to the fourth ; but the fifth stage has four, the same number as the fourth. In the adult there are five teeth on the tibial spur, sometimes but four, and sometimes there are six.
Life History Notes on Two Variable Tortricids.
BY OTTO H. SWEZEY,
Crypto phlehia illepida (Butler).
The larvae of this moth may often be found very abundantly in the pods of the Glue-bush {Acacia, farnesiana), where they feed upon the seeds and also on the pulp of the pod. They feed in Koa pods and probably also in the pods of several other Leguminous plants; and have been reported from Litchi nuts.
The eggs are roundish-oval, about 0.3mm., flat, convex above and finely reticulated. They are whitish, dull purplish, or pinkish in color and somewhat iridescent. They are laid on the surface of the pods, singly, or often several together and slightly overlapping.
The full-grown larva is about 15mm. long, plump, dull whitish Avith a rosy tinge; head strongly bilobed, light brown, eyes in a black dot, another black dot at postero-ventral angle of head; cervical shield slightly tinged with brown; tubercles broadly roundish or oval, somewhat infuscated over their whole surface, those of row "i" notched on the anterior margin
Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, II, No. 1, Oct., 1908.
15
on segiiients G-12 ; spiracles black, pale-centered; tubercles "ii" wider apart dorsally than "i," "iii" just above spiracle; "iv+v" below spiracle, farther from it than ''iii" is. When ready to pupate the larva eats a hole out through the pod ; then spins quite a dense cocoon of whitish silk having one end near the hole in the pod, so that the moth may readily make its exit when ready to mature.
The pupa is 6--10mm. long., by about 3nim. wide; medium brown; dorsal surface of abdominal segTaents, beginning with second, supplied with two transverse rows of very numerous tiny, short, conical spines, those of the anterior row are the larger; those of succeeding segments increase somewhat in size going posteriorly ; cremaster obsolete ; wing, and antenna- cases extending to apex of 3d abdominal seg-ment, a free tip ex- tending a little farther ; articulations between segments 3-7 movable. The pupal period is 10-12 days.
Emarmonia sp.
In July, 1907, I found a few larvae of this moth eating the growing seeds of Canavalia galeata, a native species of bean with a woody twining vine and very large pods containing 2 to 4 black beans about f inch long. The vine had been planted by a fence in Honolulu and had gotten considerable of a growth, and a few pods had already formed. As the vine continued to grow and produce pods these larvae increased in abundance so that finally nearly every pod was attacked by them. They did not confine their attacks to the pods, however ; besides feeding in the fleshy walls of the green pod and eating the growing beans within, they also bored the peduncles of the flower clusters, the petioles of the leaves, ancl the branches of the vine itself ; practically attacking all parts of the plant.
Quite a series of this moth was bred from the vine during January and February, 1908. There is some little variation in coloration as shown by the specimens exhibited. I find that I have a specimen of this moth collected up Makiki Valley in May, 1908, which is the only one I had previously seen.
The eggs are laid on the surface of the bean pod, singly or one or two together in slight unevennesses of the surface. They are irregularly oval, about half a mm. long; flattened below, slightly convex above and finely reticulate; whitish in color,
16
sometimes iridescent, becoming pinkish a little before hatching.
On hatching, the larva bores into the pod, feeding for awhile in its fleshy walls, but when it gets larger, attacks the seeds. One larva may eat several of the large seeds before reaching its full growth. When full-grown, the larva is 18 to 20 mm., plump, yellowish white ; head medium brown, strongly bilobed ; cervical shield slightly infuscated; tubercles faintly infus- cated; hairs pale, short; spiracles pale brown.
Before pupating the larva constructs a silken gallery where it has been feeding, extending often through one or more beans, and it finally extends this to the outer "wall of the pod, through which it eats a circular hole, except a thin layer on the outside, which can easily be broken through when the moth emerges; then the larva recedes back into the gallery, spins a silken par- tition across about a quarter of an inch from the outer end, and in this place of security pupates.
The pupa is 10mm. ; light brown ; head, thorax and wing cases darker ; the latter and antenna-cases extend to apex of 3rd abdominal segTuent, a free tip extends a little farther. Abdominal segments 3 to 7 have on dorsal side two transverse rows of numerous tiny, very short, conical spines, those of the anterior row larger than those of posterior row ; segment 2 has one row of very tiny spines near posterior margin ; segment 8 has but one row of few large spines ; segment 9 has but tw^o large dorsal spines and a terminal row of 7, there are also several slender hooked bristles at apex of abdomen.
This and Cryptophlebia illepida are two very variable species. They illustrate the great variability among the Tortricids of the Hawaiian Islands, as sho^vn by the series of specimens exhibited. This variability has led to some confusion by Lord Walsingham in his recently published "Microlepidoptera" (Fauna Hawaiiensis, I, Pt. V). He has apparently often made varieties of some of these vari- ations. Each species and variety is figured ; hence, it should be easy to identify any Hawaiian "Micro" ; but on account of such great variation in so many species, one may often not have a specimen of any certain species, which agrees with the particular specimen figured by Lord Walsingham. This makes it very difiicult to identify specimens with any certainty, altho from a first glance at the excellent colored plates, it would appear an easy matter.
17
JUNE 4th, 1908.
The forty-first regular meeting was held in the usual place, Mr. Swezej in the chair.
NOTES AND EXHIBITION OF SPECIMENS.
Mr. Kirkaldy referred to the notable changes that have taken place in the vicinity of Kilauea, Hawaii, as a result of the raiL road running through the "Fern Forest." A number of ferns and trees have been killed along both sides of it, and on those dead plants he collected some of the best insects. The making of the road around the crater has also killed a lot of scrub ohias upon which a number of good things, particularly Acu- leate Hymenoptera may be collected. In his opinion the ants had spread farther than their limits in December, 1905.
Dr. Perkins exhibited his collection of Hawaiian Proterhi- nus ; the collection he said was not nearly complete and com- prised about 120 out of 150 kno^vn species. Still it is a fairly good working collection and was carefully examined by all present.
Further Notes oi\ Melitiobia. hsi<Tva.uensis Perkins
BY OTTO H. SWEZEY.
This little Chalcid was discovered by Mr. Giffard in 190Y, bred from the larva of some species of wasp or bee in its nest in decayed branch of tree (Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, I, Pt. 4, p. 121, 1907). In the latter part of the same year, I found several nests of the leaf-cutter bee (Mer/achile pialmarvm) in which the most of the cells had been parasitized by this Chalcid. I have reared it in the laboratory also, upon the larvae of three different wasps: Odynerus niqripemms, Pison Jiospes, and SceJipliron caementamim^. In March, 1908, I first, discovered them breeding on the larvae of the bud-moth (Breimetis flavis- triata Wlsm.) in sugar-cane at the Experiment Station, H. S. P. A. Of a lot of about 50 cocoons of the bud worm, collected at one time, 6 of them, or 12%, contained a budworra parasit- ized by Melittohia. Five of them had eggs of Melittohia (7,
Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, II, No. 1, Oct., 1908.
18
9, 11, '20 and 30 respectively per budworm) scattered on the surface. These were allowed to hatch and grow to maturity. The sixth cocoon contained 35 pupae of Melittohia which had consumed a budworm within its cocoon, and were lying in con- tact with its driedup remains.
Apparently the female Melittohia enters the budworm's co- coon before it is entirely completed, stings the worm and de- posits eggs upon it. Or it may be that after entering the cocoon, she waits till the budworm is assuming the inactive condition previous to the transformation to pupa, and then deposits her eggs upon it ; either stinging the budworm to pre- vent further transformation, or else the young larvae hatch and begin eating so quickly that further transformation is pre- vented.
The egg is white, cylindrical, slightly- curved, ends rounded, 0.3mm. long by 0.12mm. wide. They are laid indiscriminately on the surface of host, singly or several together. They hatch very quickly and the young larvae feed externally upon the budworm, becoming full grown in about a week. They are footless grubs just a little more than Im. in length, and trans- form to pupae in two or three days. They rest in the pupal stage about two weeks. So many of this parasite develop upon one host, that it should be a very valuable parasite upon the budworm. I have not as yet ascertained whether it is generally distributed throughout the Islands or not.
The known hosts of this parasite now include Megachile, Sceliphron, Pison, Odynerus of Hymenoptera; and Ereunetis of Lepidoptera.
On Peculiar Deviations from Uniformity of Habit Among Chalcids and Proctotrupids.
BY OTTO H. SWEZET.
Ceraphron ahnormis Perk.
In January, 1908, a single Ceraphronid bred out of a cocoon of Haplogonatopns vitiensis, collected in growing sugar cane at the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Asso- ciation, Honolulu. At first it was a matter of surprise and considerable doubt as to whether the cocoon from which it
Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, II, No. 1, Oct., 1908.
19
emerged was its own, or that of Haplogonatopus as it was at first supposed to be. To determine this, more cocoons were collected to ascertain whether more of this insect might be bred. From 25 cocoons collected January 28, 5 Ceraphronids emerged between February 1st and February 10th; then ex- amination of remaining cocoons revealed 4 more of them con- taining each a pupa which on rearing proved to be Ceraphronids. This made 9 of the 25, or 36%. One pupa was with the re- mains of a pupa of Haplogonatopiis, tending to prove that the former is a parasite of the latter.
Further observations were immediately undertaken in order to establish proof in regard to this. Many cocoons of Ha,p- logonatopus were collected at different times and examined. The number which contained either larvae of Ceraphronid feeding upon larvae of Haplogonatopus, pupae of Ceraphronids, or from which adult Ceraphronids had already emerged, varied from 24%) to 68%. In a few instances 2 pupae of Ceraphronid were fomid in one Huplogonaiopus cocoon. In one instance two larvae were found feeding externally on the larva of Haplogonatopus within its cocoon, so it was made evident that the Ceraphronid attacks its host within the cocoon. Fresh cocoons of Haplogonatopus were obtained and a few Ceraphro- nids admitted to them. They were observed apparently ovipo- siting in these cocoons very soon, but the oviposition was not actually seen. The female would traverse the cocoons several times from end to end, all the time vibrating the antennae rapidly and touching all parts of the cocoon, apparently to determine whether the cocoon was an empty one or not, or whether its contents were in the right condition for it to oviposit in. After a few minutes she came to rest in a position which would indicate that oviposition was taking place, even though it could not be actually observed. This position was retained for a minute or two.
For further proof of the habits of this Ceraphronid, quite a number of leaf-hoppers which were already attacked by the larva of Haplogonatopus vitiensis, were collected from the cane field, and freshly bred-out Ceraphronids placed with them in breeding cage. None were observed to attack the leaf-hop- pers themselves, nor the Haplog omit opus larvae preying on the leaf-hoppers. The Haplogonatopus larvae were nearly full-
20
grown, and they left their hosts and spun cocoons in a few days. These were undoubtedly attacked by the Ceraphronids, for within 3 weeks from the time the experiment was started,
I C^eraphronid emerged from a cocoon, and in a few more days
II more emerged.
At the same time another experiment was conducted. A number of leaf-hoppers already parasitized by Haplogonatopus were collected from the field and placed in two breeding cages. In due time the parasites spun their cocoons. Then adult Ceraphronids were admitted to one cage, but not to the other. From the latter cage adult Haplogonatopus emerged from all of the cocoons; while Ceraphronids emerged from all of the cocoons of the former cage. This proves that the Ceraphronid attacks its host only after it has made its cocoon.
Along with Haplogonatopus vitiensis there were a few Ech- throdelphax fairchUdii also breeding upon the cane leaf-hop- pers. To ascertain whether this Ceraphronid was breeding up- on this Dryinid also a number of leaf-hoppers already parasit- ized by it were collected and placed in a breeding cage until the parasites had left the leaf-hoppers and spun cocoons. Ceraphronids were then admitted. In about three weeks Cerap- hronids issued (the first one in 19 days), and it was found that they had parasitized all of the EcMhrodelphax cocoons. The adult Ceraphronids issuing from these cocoons were smaller than those issuing from Haplogonatopus cocoons; the larva of EcMlirodelplmx being smaller than that of Haplogonatopus accounts for the difference in size of the parasites issuing from them respectively.
So far as previous records show Ceraphronids have been bred from Lepidoptera, Aphids, Syrphids, Cecidomyids, Cynipids, Braconids, ants and some Coleoptera. Chiefly, how- ever from Aphids, Cynipids and Cecidomyid galls ; but now we have the remarkable case of a species breeding upon members of the closely related family, Dryinid ae. Of these two Dry- inids in questions, Echthrodelphax fairchUdii is a native species preying upon the sugar cane leaf-hopper (PerkinsieUa sac- charicida) and certain native leaf-hoppers of the same family (Asiracidae). The other Dryinid (Haplogonatopus vitiensis) was introduced from Fiji, in 1906, to prey upon the cane leaf- hopper.
21
I do uot at present know this Ceraphronid from any other place in these islands but Honolulu. Dr. Perkins has a speci- men collected several years ago. He also has a specimen among some California insects. It has undoubtedly become introduced here within recent years.
Dr. Perkins has recently described this species as Ceraphron abnormis. The description to be published elsewhere.
Parapheluius xiphidii perkins.
This little Chalcid is parasitic upon the eggs of Xiphidium vanpenne Swezey, an introduced Locustid which has been present in the Hawaiian Islands for at least 15 years. This parasite on its eggs was discovered in 1905, and subsequent observations shows that it is distributed throughout the islands. Xiphidium eggs, wherever found, are largely parasitized by this species. An account of its habits is given in Bull. H. S. P. A. Div. Ent. I, Pt. 7, p. 214, 1905; description is given op. cit. I, Pt. 8, p. 264, 1906.
In February, 1908, among a lot of cocoons of Haplogonatopm from which a hyperparasite (Ceraphronid) was breeding out, were some parasitized by this Chalcid. About a dozen bred out from one cocoon. As I had bred this Chalcid only from the egg-s of Xiphidium previously, I was quite astonished at now breeding it as a hyperparasite on a Dryinid. Examination of remaining cocoons of this lot, revealed two which contained dried up and blackened remains of the Haplogonatopus larva, within which in one instance were 6 Paraphelinm pupae, and in the other one were 8 Pamphelmus pupae. Further examina- tion of cocoons collected from the field showed an occasional one with either larvae or pupae of Paraphelinus. Xiphidium eggs parasitized by Paraphelinus were found in the same field.
An experiment was conducted as follows: Several adult Paraphelimis which had bred from Haplogonatopus cocoons were placed with Xiphidium eggs. In these they w^ere observed to oviposit, and in 28 to 30 days the adults emerged. Some of the latter were then placed with cocoons of Haplogonatopus, in some of which they oviposited, and adults emerged in the usual time.
Apparently only those cocoons are stung in which the larvae have not yet pupated; for in examination of quite a number of cocoons, wherever larvae or pupae of Paraphelinus were found, they were within a Haplogonatopus larva, or its dried up blackened remains. The length of period from oviposition to emergence of adults is from 20 to 30 days.
There are about the same number per host, whether it is Haplocfonatopus larva or Xiphidium egg. 12 or 13 is a com- mon number per host.
From parasitizing Locustid eggs which were hidden behind leaf-sheaths of sugar cane, to parasitizing Dryinid larvae within their cocoons on the cane leaves is quite a wide divergence of habit. Apparently in this case, whichever happens to be most convenient or accessible, or whichever the parasite first happens to find, is what she deposits her eggs in.
In discussion following this paper Dr. Perkins said that although Mr. Koebele had collected Dryinids vei*y extensively throughout California, he had never bred a Proctotrupid from them, which made Mr. Swezey's discovery all the more remark- able.
He also related that in course of correspondence with Dr. Howard, the latter insisted that Giard's report of having bred Aphelinmae from eggs of Xipliidium v/as an error. It was however, verified by Mr. Swezey when he bred an allied species (Pm^aphelinus xipliidii) from Xiphidium eggs in Hawaii ; but now Mr. Swezey's discovery that this Chalcid is also parasitic on Haplogonatopus is still more remarkable.
Mr. Kotinsky referred to what is already published in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington rela- tive to his breeding Syntomosphyrum esurus as a primary parasite on Chilocorus similis pupae, though it had thitherto been regarded as a secondary parasite.
A Brief Note on Three [Two New], Californian fulgoroid hemiptera..
BY G. W. KIRKALDY.
1. OUarus frmiciscanus (Stal).
This species, described by Stal, (1859 Eugenics Eesa, Zool. Ins. 273), as Cixhu fm.nciscaniLS, is noted by Van Duzee (1908
Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, II, No. 1, Oct., 1908.
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. for 1907, p. 486), as being un- known to him. A single female collected by Mr. Gilfard, at Santa Barbara foot-hills last July, seems to agree with Stal's short description. The following additions may be made there- to, premising that it belongs to the typical subgenus, (cf. Kirkaldy 1907 Bull. II, S. P. A. Ent. Ill (not '111' as Van Duzee cites !) p. 107). The axillary vein of the clavus is more than half the length of the stalk of the anal, and runs into the latter vein basal of its middle; the tegminal veins are rather thickly granulate, as regards, at least, those basal of the mem- brane, the granules being dark on the pale veins, the apical veins dark.
2. Danepteryx harharae sp. nov.
This is close to D. manca Uhler, but differs by the basally truncate frons, which is also much wider in proportion, widening towards the apex.' The vertex is shorter and wider, the lateral margins parallel, (converging very slightly anteriorwards, if anything), the anterior margin very obtuse-angled. The pronotum is rather more produced anteriorly, its lateral margins more arched. Antennae yellowish- testaceous. The tegmina vary in length.
Length 5 5^ mill.
Hab: California, Santa Barbara foot-hills, July (GifFard).
3. D. artemisiae sp. nov.
Smaller and much darker than the last, but the head structure is very similar; the frons is narrower, though at the same time it is distinctly wider than in B. manca. The general ground-color is dark fuscous, the legs more heavily and darkly sprinkled than in the D. harharae. Antennae dark fuscous. Tegmina piceous or blackish (instead of yellowish-brown), with paler markings. The tegmina are narrower, and the pronotum is shorter than in D. harharae, more so even than in D. manca.
Length 5 4^ mill.
Hab: California, Alameda, (Perkins), on A'l
The genus Danepteryx was founded by Uhler in 1888, the species then erected, D. manca, being from Los Angeles, as also D. Im-ida, described by Melichar in 1906. One of the new ones now proposed is from Santa Barbara, and the other from Alameda, so that the genus, although restricted, so far, to California, seems to be well distributed over that State.
24
JULY 9th, 1908.
The forty-second meeting of the Society was held in the usual place, Mr. Swezey in the chair.
The following resolutions on the death of our fellow-member, Alexander Craw, were presented by the Executive Committee and unanimously adopted by the Society:
Whereas^ The Hawaiian Entomological Society has learned with profound sorrow of the death of its esteemed member, Alexander Craw, June 28, 1908, be it therefore
Resolved, That the Society, through its Secretary, transmit to the bereaved family its deepest sympathy, and this expression of its appreciation of the irreparable loss sustained. Mr. Craw was one of the founders of the Society ; was its first Vice- President and always took a keen interest in the Society, at- tending the meetings faithfully unless prevented by matters of health or duty and was ever ready to join in the discussions of practical entomological interest. He was a sincere, kind, generous, and hospitable man, and in the few years spent in our
midst had endeared himself into the hearts of all with whom he Avas associated.
Be it further Resolved, That these resolutions be spread on the minutes of the Society.
Otto H. Swezey, R. C. L. Pekkins, Jacob Kotinsky, Executive Committee.
Biographical Sketch of Alexander Craw.
BY JACOB KOTINSKY.
With the death of this remarkable man passes away another prominent figure from the horizon of American horticulture and economic entomology. Eew economic entomologists are better known and no one more favorably than was he during liis life work. Few entomological workers passed through California without seeking out and making his personal ac- quaintance, and all were charmed with the man. His unvary- ing amiability has won for him a lasting abode in the heart
Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, 11, No. 1, Oct., 1908.
(^^2.^e^^^.^^^^^c^^^ (^L-^u<j^
25
of every one that knew him. Bj early training a capable and successful horticulturist his indomitable love for plant life later led him to form the vanguard of a fight against horticul- tural enemies on a scale that was never undertaken before.
Alexander Craw was born in Ayr, Scotland, August 3, 1850. In 1873 he emigrated to California and after a two years' resi- dence in San Diego, moved to Los Angeles, where he took charge of the famous Wolfskill orange grove. His early train- ing stood him in good stead in the early days of California's growth as a horticultural center. His authority in matters horticultiiral was never questioned and his advice ever eagerly sought. Presently Icerya purchasi, which had preceded his arrival in California by about five years, threatened the destruc- tion of the citrus industry. It is difficult to determine at pres- ent who started the movement which culminated in the intro- duction of Novms cardinalis from Australia into California by Albert Koebele in 1888. But it is certain that Mr. Craw wa** a powerful factor in that movement. Never in our conversa- tion in the office did he credit himeslf with the conspicuous role, yet it is quite evident to me that his constant agitation of the matter before the California horticultural organizations, and the incessant pressure he brought to bear by means of these upon authorities in Washington was to a considerable degree responsible for Koebele's victorious mission. Once victory was achieved and that so completely and in such an unusual man- ner he was possessed with the idea of controlling all horticul- tural insect pests by means of their natural enemies.
About 1890 he was prevailed upon to accept the office of inspector and entomologist under the California State Board of Horticulture, a line of work not previously undertaken any- where and in which he spent the remainder of his life. Always kindly yet always firm in the performance of his duty he stood for fourteen years like a rock at the Golden Gate and jealously guarded his adopted state from horticultural pests of the world. All opposition he swept aside with a smile, without making a foe or losing a friend. He was a keen observer so that by 1891 we find him not only familiar with the common garden and orchard pests but describing a species of his favorite group, Hjonenoptera Parasitica (Coccophagus (=Aspidiotiphagus) citrinus. Bull. 57, California State Board of Horticulture,
^ 26
1891). His wi'itings are not profuse, and are confined almost entirely to periodical reports in which he aimed principally to enlighten his horticultural readers on their insect problems as he viewed them. In Bull. 4, Tech. Ser., Division of En- tomology, U. S. D. A. he published a list of the Coccidae which he found in course of inspection at San Francisco. A number of species and varieties named Crawii may be observed in cata- logs of this family.
In 1904 he was induced to enter the service of the Hawaiian Board of Agriculture as Superintendent of Entomology and Inspector. This office he filled in the same efficient manner that he had carried on the work in California, proving of great benefit to Hawaii in the exclusion of dangerous insect pests, and resulting in a better quality of fruits and vegetables being shipped here. His devotion to duty had the better of discre- tion, so that when on October 11, 1907, he was overtaken by the serious illness which on June 28, 1908, terminated his life, it was largely the result of over-work.
NOTES AND EXHIBITION OF SPECIMENS.
Mr. W. M. Giffard exhibited for record a female Horn-tail wood wasp (Family Sincidoie) dark blue in color, which had been taken on Wyllie Street, ISTuuanu Avenue, Oahu. This insect belongs to a family the larvae of which are very destruc- tive to certain trees of temperate climates, particularly firs and pines. The probabilities are that the insect (the species of w^hich Mr. Giffard could not determine) bred out of imported veranda furniture, some of which, covered with close fitting bark, were on the premises where it was caught. It was noticed particularly that a veranda chair of this nature showed a few holes 3-16 in. in diameter from which insects of some kind had emerged. It is not probable that the insect exhibited will breed in this climate as the trees and wood which this family of insects are known to attack elsewhere do not grow here.
Dr. Wilcox referred to an article he read in which was re- corded the important observation that the larvae of insects working within a plant caught in an extended drought were found capable of transforming starch into water and thus drag out their existence during months of a dry season.
2Y
Mr. GifFard also exhibited a niunber of parasitic Hymenop- tera of the Family Encyrtidae, snb-family Eupehninae, which had been bred by him, on several occasions during the past two years, from hollow twigs of native trees containing the nests of species of Nesoprosopis (Acwleate Hymen.). There has as yet been no opportunity to name the Encyrtids exhibited. The exhibit included portions of the twigs above referred to, show- ing not only the remnants of the nests of the l!^esoprosopis but also in two instances remnants of the nests of species of Ody- nerus.
Mr. Kotinsky related his recent observation of vast numbers of caterpillars in a grain warehouse in Honolulu. These cater- pillars were later definitely determined to be Ephestiodes plves- centella Ragonot. He was certain of the identification because it corresponds in all details with Meyrick's description in the Fauna, Avho claims to have compared his specimens with Rago- not's types. He stated that to his knowledge the insect is not recorded in economic literature. It is commonly found in grain and meal coming from the Pacific Coast, where it is doubtless a common granary and mill pest. 'E,pliestia IcueJi- niella on the other hand, which was reported as a feed pest from California and elsewhere on the mainland, does not seem to occur here. It would appear from these facts that E. gilves- centella has probably been mistaken for the Mediterranean flour moth.
Mr. Swezey exhibited a collection of Hawaiian Phycitidae, and made some remarks on their habits and life history.
PAPER READ.
Some Remarkable Australian Hymenopfera..
BY R. C. L. PERKINS.
In this paper I have dealt with only a small number of species of Australian Hymenoptera, but all of them are of extreme interest, either because they are altogether new generically, or are new to Australia as genera, or they are remarkable for peculiarity of habits or for other special reasons.
I will first briefly review some of the most interesting species.
Of the bees I have here described two new genera, one of which, Palaeorhiza, is evidently represented by many species
Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, II, No. 1, Oct., 1908.
28
in Australia. Several have been described as belonging to tbe genus Prosopis, in spite of the fact that the most superficial examination shows that these insects have an acute lanceolate tongue. Hitherto no connecting link betAveen the blunt-tong-ued and acute-tongued bees has been recorded, but in Palaeorhiza we have a form, which, except for the structure of the tongue, would be assigned to the section of Obtusilingues. It will there- fore be obvious that this section and the Acutilingues can no longer be maintained as of great importance, since Palaeorhiza must always be associated with Prosopis, as the male genital characters, and all other ones, save the lingual, clearly show. It may be advisable, however, to consider the genus as repre- senting a family distinguished from Prosopidae by lingual characters only. In this connection, however, it is only proper to add that the Australian genus Meroglossa, associated by Smith with the blunt-tongiied bees, without remark, has an acute tongue, being so figured and described by that author. Ashmead also includes Meroglossa in his tables, as being blunt- tongued, without any remark whatsoever. In these Australian genera we therefore have a distinct lead from the blunt to the acute-tongued section of the bees.
The other genus here described by me as Pachyprosopis l'^ another of the series of remarkable blunt-tongued bees, in which Australia is enormously rich. Few, I think, seeing it alive would take it for a bee, since it superficially has rather the appearance of a large-headed Crabronid or Pemphredonid.
In the wasps I have described a new genus Macro calynwna, which appears to me very remarkable. This species is extant in the British Museum with the name Discoelius smithianus, Sauss. attached. I have not been able *-o find any description of the species in de Saussure's writings.
Another genus Ischnocoelia is represented, by several species apparently, in the British Museum, but they have not been described. The Montezumia is not only interesting from the fact that the genus is unrecorded from Australia, but more so from the great Acarid chamber in the propodeum of both sexes, a new situation for such a structure, the chamber found in the bee genus Koptortliosoma and that of a Mexican wasp, Odynerus, being abdominal.
29
The remarkable Dryinid, Harpagocryptus, a parasite of small crickets, is a most anomalous insect. It is clearly allied to tlie Central- American Olixon of Cameron, referred by him to the Braconidae, but rightly removed by Ashmead to the Bethylid group.
PALAEORHIZIDAE ( ? Meroglossidae).
Palaeorhiza gen. nov. General appearance much like that of some brightly metallic Australian Prosopis, members of which genus (s. 1.) it also consider- ably resembles in many points of structure. In the several species known to me the scape of the antennae in the male is cylindrical and not at all dilated. Labrum simple, transverse, cilated at apex; man- dibles with two grooves, bidentate in the male, the inner tooth more or less obscure; tridentate at apex in the female. Ligula lanceolate, acuminate; labial palpi four-jointed, formed like the maxillary palpi, but the joints all shorter, subequal; maxillary palpi six-jointed, mod- erately long, the joints not differing much in length, the four apical ones more slender than the preceding and themselves slightly decreas- ing in length to the apex, their form elongate and subclavate. Anterior area of propodeum smooth, moderately large, more or less triangular in shape, well marked off by the totally different sculpture of adjoining parts, but not enclosed. Wings with the stigma as well developed as in Prosopis; two cubital cells, the first much longer than the second, the latter receiving both recurrent nervures. neither being interstitial; transverse median and basal nervures interstitial or almost so. Anter- ior tarsi of female with the arrangement of peculiar curved hairs for sweeping pollen towards the mouth, as in the industrial Prosopis, or more strongly developed than in some species of that genus. Male often with the two or three terminal exposed ventral segments with dense clothing of hair; seventh ventral segment produced on each side into delicate lateral processes, affording good specific characters; eigth ventral segment simply produced in the middle in the species examined by me. Genital armature like that of many Prosopis. the stipites simple, without lacinia, pilose, the sagittae extending slightly or considerably behind these, curved downwards towards the apex and sometimes apicaJly compressed; the armature evidently affording good specific characters.
Type of the genus Prosopis perviridis Cock.
In the event of the genus Meroglossa proving to be allied to Palaeorhiza the family would naturally be called Meroglos- sidae.
PEOSOPIDAE.
Pacliy prosopis gen. nov.
Head quadrate, of enormous size, fully as large as or larger in dorsal aspect than the mesonotum, ocelli in a triangle with very wide base, the hinder ones closer to one another than to the distant occipital margin. Eyes reaching base of mandibles, clypeus very short and trans.
30
verse, its hind margin very wide. Labrum when fully seen very large, comparable in size with the clypeus, having a large median basal tuber- cle, which is emarginate in front, and in front of this a strongly raised median longitudinal carina. Mandibles with well-developed apical tootli and an inner short blunt one. Tongue much as in Euryglossa. Maxillary palpi 6-jointed, two basal ones stout, the third more slender and elongate, but stouter than the three following, which are subequal in length, the two first of these being clavate, or elongate-subtriangu- iar. Labial palpi shortish, 4-jointed, the terminal slender. Pronotum not visible from above, the head being adapted to the mesonotum, post-scutellum emarginate in front, as long as the very short pro- podeum in dorsal aspect; anterior area of the latter defined by differ- ence in sculpture. Hairs of anterior tarsi regularly arranged, but less dense than those of Prosopis, Stilpnosorrta and Euryglossa, and with those on the outer side peculiarly flattened. Stigma about as much developed as in Euryglossa, radius bent almost at a right angle, at end of first abscissa, second submarginal cell consequently very high, the second transverse cubitus twice as long as its lower side, its super- ior apical angle very acute. First recurrent nervure received by first submarginal cell a little before the apex, the second recurrent received by the second submarginal equally a little before its apex. Discoidai cell beneath the second submarginal also very narrow and high, dia- mond-shaped, but with the upper angle truncate. Hind tibiae spinose, as in females of Sphecodes. Abdomen truncate at base and impressed on the truncate part.
A very remarkable blunt-tongued bee, of which there are allies in Australia of much more minute size, but these differ in characters, which may prove generic, or may necessitate modi- fication of the characters given above.
Pachyprosopis mirabilis sp. nov.
Black, mandibles, except tips, labrum, antennae, legs (except coxae trochanters and greater part of femora) together with the abdomen ferruginous or in parts more yellow. The clypeus and a wide triangle above it is bright yellow. Front femora olack on the basal half, the other femora pale only at their apices. The head and thorax have a metallic tint, blue or green.
Head rather shining as compared with the thorax, the clypeus sparsely punctured, the front with very fine remote punctures, and the surface between with excessively dense microscopic sculpture. Grooves along the inner orbits deep, extending from just above the line of insertion of the antennae not quite to the top of the eyes. Thorax above very dull, minutely, but distinctly, remotely punctured. Post-scutellum more densely, but less definitely punctate. Anterior area of the propodeum impunctate, bare, with the general dense sur- face sculpture only, at the sides of this rougher and pilose. Abdomen dull with dense surface sculpture, but not punctured, its basal trunca- tion pilose. Female, length 5 mm. Hab. Australia, N. Queensland.
31
EUMENIDAE.
Macrocalymma gen. no v.
Ligula long, slender, deeply cleft at apex, the paraglosaae with horny pilose tips. Labial palpi 3-jointed, two basal joints elongate and subeqnal, the third short, about half as long as the second. Maxil- lary palpi short, four-jointed, the first thickest and longer than the second, which in some aspects is subclavate, the third very slender and much longer than the small apical joint. Middle tibiae with two spurs, the claws of tarsi bifid at apex. Wings with the second cubital cell much contracted above and receiving ooth recurrent nervures. First abdominal segment pedicellate, very slender on the basal half (or less), behind this subquadraie in oorsal aspect, this subquadrate apical part rounded in front, and slightly concave hehirid, the posterior lateral angles prominent; second segment with a very short neck or basal constriction, which is smooth and shining. To these characters it may be added that the mandibles are short, their apical margin oblique and quadridentate, the clypeus widely subtruncate or very faintly emarginate at apex, not at all pointed. The tegulae are greatly developed, their apices reaching back slightly behind the posterior margin of the scutellum; the propodeum has trenchant lateral sub- membranous carinae, which posteriorly form a projecting angle (but rounded off) on each side.
This genus may be known at once from any of those with two spurs on the middle tibiae, cleft-tarsal claws and similar neuration, by the distinctive characters of the mouth-parts.
Macrocalymma smithianum sp. nov.
Head black, the clypeus, a spot between the antennae, one behind the eyes and a line on the scape in front, yellow. Antennae with the first two joints, som-etimes also some of the following, the modified apical ones, and the flagellum beneath, ferruginous or reddish. Pro- notum obscure red, with a yellow line in front, the tegulae reddish with pale margin and apex; a spot on each side of tht post-scutellum and the lateral submembranous carinae of the propodeum pallid and yellow; a spot beneath the tegulae red or yellow. Legs ferruginous, the hind femora and sometimes the base of the intermediate ones more or less, the coxae and sometimes the middle and posterior tarsi black or blackish; sometimes the posterior tarsi only are fuscous. Abdomen black, more or less densely covered with golden tomentum; first seg- ment with the apical dilated part dull red, more or less distinctly yel- low-margined posteriorly; second segment with a yellow or reddish yellow apical band; third with a reddish oa.ad, and this and the follow- ing segments with pallid apical margins.
Head with the vertex subquadrate, seen in profile sharply angulat- ed posteriorly behind the eyes, antennae terminating in a hook. Head and thorax closely and coarsely (more or less rugosely) punctured, the propodeum coriaceous and with much finer and less distinct punct- ures. Wings conspicuously clouded along the costal margin, else- where smoky or yellowish-tinged and hyaline, the stigma dark brown, its apical margin obliquely truncate Basal abdominal segment closely punctured; second much more finely and sparsely, the surface shining
32
when denunded of tomentum; beneath, it is conspicuously flattened or subdepressed behind the middle, raher strongly punctate and the surface between these punctures is shining and finely, but conspicu- ously punctulate. Length to apex of second abdominal segment 8-9 mm. Described from males only.
Ilab. Australia ; common, in middle Queensland.
Ischnocoelioi gen. nov.
Head in front view subrotundate, mandibles shortish (not at all like those of Eumen.es) with four terminal well developed teeth; clypeus widely truncate or slightly rounded at apex; maxillae with very elongate galea, attenuate to the tip, the maxillary palpi very short, three-jointed, the three joints together hardly as long as the second joint of the three-jointed labial palpi, of which the two basal joints are subequal and elongate, the third hardly half as long as either of these; ligula long and slender, deeply cleft at the apex, the bifurcations pilose, as also a portion of the ligula behind these, the intermediate space bare. Wings with the second cubital cell narrowed to an angle above, the sides meeting at the radius, the second recur- rent nervure received nearly at the middle of tbis cell on the cubitus, the first recurrent between this point and the lower basal angle of the cell, but nearer the latter. Middle tibiae with two well-developed cal- caria, the tarsal claws toothed beneath near the middle. Abdomen pedicellate, the first segment sublinear throughout, ai)out four times as long as its greatest width, widening slightly, but not adruptly, at about its basal third, and continuing of nearly equal width on its apical half; second segment campanulate with a very short neck at base. Female.
From the foregoing characters it is clear that this insect in some respects is intermediate between the subfamilies Ischyioga^terinae and Discoelirme as defined by Ashmead, but I consider these groups at the most as of tribal value.
IscJinocoelia xantliochrowM, sp. nov.
Black with orange and reddish markings, the red and yellow colors more or less shading into one another, so that except in certain parts they may be generally designated as orange. Head black, the antennae ferruginous, but black or dark above on the apical half of the flagellum; the clypeus, a more or less triangular spot above this, emarginate posteriorly, the sinus of the eyes, the sides of the head behind these, as well as the vertex posteriorly except in the middle, orange. Pro- notum, tegulae, scutellum, propodeum (excepting the sides and some- times the base medially) and a large area on the mesopleura orange; legs yellow, the hind pair more ferruginous, their coxae mostly black, the middle ones nearly Avholly reddish, but variable in color. Wings hyaline, yellow along the costa, as also the stigma. Neuration general- ly dark, but the veins yellow or brownish towards the base of the wings, as also the co'^ta to the stigma.
Head incras«ate, densely and somewhat coarsely subrugo<^ely punct- ured; mesonotum somewhat shining, punctured like the head or slightly more coarsely, and with dense minute punctures between the
33
large ones; post-scutellum coarsely rugose-punctate, and seen from in front with a distinct lateral angulation on each side and a median one still more prominent; propodeum shortly pilose, rounded at the sides, and with a deep median impressed line. Abdomen with sericeous pile, the surface having an excessively minute and dense mici'oscopic puncturation, the pedicel only with remote, larger punctures, but even these are fine and shallow. Length to the apex of the second abdominal segment 9-10 mm.
Hab. Australia, middle Queensland, not rare.
Obs. In North Queensland a variety is found, in which all the
yellow markings are rufous, those of the occiput connected on the
vertex behind the ocelli, the abdominal pedicel entirely rufous. I see no structural difference to distinguish this form.
Montezumia australensis sp. nov.
Black, with orange markings, those on the head partly bright yellow.
Male; a spot on the mandibles, the clypeus, a spot above it, a line in the sinus of the eyes, yellow; front of scape, a bhort line or spot on the posterior orbits, sometimes one on the upper margin of the eyes, more orange colored; fiagellum more or less ferruginous beneath towards apex, the apical hook sometimes more obscure than the pre- ceding joints. A band on the pronotum, the tegulae, sometimes two spots on the scutellum and two on the post-scutellum, or the latter almost entirely, and a mark on each side of the propodeum posteriorly, orange; legs mostly ferruginous, with the coxae and the basal part of the femora (the posterior ones for half their length or more) black. All the abdominal segments with apical orange bands.
Clypeus distinctly, but not deeply emarginate, frebly punctate; the front of the head densely rugosely punctured. Whole thorax, including the propodeum, densely rugosely punctured, the surface, which is more or less shining between the punctures, bearing a very minute microscopic, but quite distinct, puncturation. Propodeum with a deep round fossa or chamber above the abdominal articulation; on each side of the chamber is a curved carina more or less pale colored, and in lateral view forming a projecting angle of the propodeum; a shorter curved carina external to this forms with it a less deep cavity on either side of the median chamber, and these subsidiary cavities, like the latter, are often filled with acari. Wings hyaline, more or less infuscate or yellowish tinged, and more decplj'' yellow or brown along the costa, the stigma brown, the first recuirent nervure received before, the second after, the middle of i.he second cubital cell, the lower or cubital side of this cell being about three and a half or four times the length of its upper or radial side. Basal abdominal segment pedicellate, the pedicel elongate, but shorter than the bell shaped por- tion of the segment behind it, which is closely and rather strongly punctured and has a median impression; second segment much more finely, but distinctly, and for the most part closoly punctured, the sur- face coriaceous or microscopically shagreeued between the punctures; beneath, its basal transverse sulcature is smooth, behind which the segment is considerably, but not vertically, raised, as viewed with the ventral side upwards. Length of male to apex of second abdominal segment about 10 mm.
34
Female usually like the male, both soxes varving a little in the markings.
Hab. Australia ; very abundant in middle Queensland.
DKYINIDAE.
Harpagocryptus gen. nov.
Head transverse in dorsal aspect, produced in the middle in front, large, wider than the thorax; the occiput arcuately emarginate; ocelli very feebly developed, the anterior one almost or entirely aborted. Antennae twelve-jointed, elongate, filiform, all the joints long, except- ing the small pedicel. Mandibles pointed at the tips to form a large acute tooth, internal to which are three very minute teeth on the edge. Maxillary palpi long, six-jointed, the first joint short and stoutish, the second very elongate, twice as long as the first, slender at the base, olavate; third shorter than second, moderately stout, subparallel-sided; fourth, fifth and sixth slender, elongate, subequal. Labial palpi four- jointed, the first elongate, second short and wide, subtriangular in some aspects, third and fourth olongate, slender, subequal. Labrum distinct, clypeus well-defined. Prothorax large and long, narrowed posteriorly, and there emarginate; mesothorax very small, tongue- shaped; tegulae distinct, front wings narrow, strap-like, reaching to the posterior face of the propodeum, hind wings wanting. Propodeum very long, its superior posterior angles produced into a strong acute tooth on each side. Front femora very stout, intermediate less strong- ly so, claws short, stout, pulvilli large, tarsi densely pubescent beneath. Abdomen elongate ovate, second segment much the longest.
The general appearance of this insect is ant-like in the ex- treme and it would almost certainly be passed by in the field, by any one, who was not collecting ants.
Harpagocryptus australiae sp. nov.
Black or blackish fuscous, clypeus, labrum, mouth parts, mandibles except the teeth, antennae except several of the apical joints, and the extreme apices of the other flagellar joints, the front and middle tarsi excepting the claw-joints, brownish yellow or testaceous. All the coxae and trochanters in part at least, and the front tibiae more or less brown- ish yellow, rest of legs darker, brown or pitchy. Tegulae pale test- aceous.
Whole insect clothed with a whitish-fuscous pile and having an excessively minute and dense sculpture, which under high powers of the compound microscope appears as a dense reticulation of fine lines. Scutum and scutellum of mesonotum distinguishable in certain aspects, and of about equal length. Calcaria of middle tibiae of about equal length, half as long as the first tarsal joint, which is nearly twice as long as the elongate second one.
The antennae are long and slender, much longer than the head and thorax together, the scape is stout and about as long as the first funicle joint, which is decidedly shorter than the next, while those following are all subequally elongate, many times as long as thick.
35
Towards the tips of the antennae, the joints become dark-colored and slenderer, so that the antennae are attenuate apically. The pedicel is very short, compared with the other joints, but it is evidently longer than wide. Length about 4 mm.
Ilab: Australia, Queensland; larva forming a sac on the
sides of the abdomen of small crickets (Trigonidiidae).
Obs. Although 1 have referred this insect to the Dryinidae, largely on account of its larval habits, the larval sac being of the same form as that of Aphelopus, which likewise has non- chelate tarsi, yet its twelve- jointed antennae might be held suffi- cient to exclude it from this familv.
LIST OF OFFICERS FOR 1!
President w. M. Giffard
Vice President O. H. Swezey
Secretary-Treasurer j. Kotinsky
Members of Executive Committee
R. C. L. Perkins
F. W. Terry
Editor of Proceeding? O. H. Swezey
All correspondence to be addressed to the Secretary at the Bu- reau of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii, from whom copies of the Proceedings may be purchased.
Volume I of the Proceedings, for 1905-07 (in 5 Nos.), contains 210 pages, 4 plates, and 5 text figures. Price of the complete vol- ume $2.00. Single numbers 50 cents.
Vol II, No. 2. September, 1909.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Hawaiian
Entomological Society
FOR
August, 1908 — June, 1909
(with 2 Plates and 3 Text Figures)
HONOLULU, HAWAII. PRICE, 50 CENTS.
OFFICERS FOR 1909.
PRESIDENT' OTTO H. SWEZEY
VTPF PRP^csTm^^MT ^^- L. VAN DINE*
VICE-PRESIDENT ^ j, ^, TERRY**
SECRETARY-TREASURER D. B. KUHNS
EDITOR OF PROCEEDINGS OTTO H. SWEZEY
* Resigned in April. ** To fill vacancy.
MEMBERSHIP 1909.
Austin, C. J. Carter, G. R. Cooke, J. P. Cooper, H. E. Davies, T. C. Deering, C. W. Eckarl', C. F. Fiillaway, D. T. Giffard, W. M. Holmefe', H. Jordan, G. A. Kirkaldy, G. W. •-Koebele, A. Kotinsky, J. Kuhns, D. B. Muir, F.
C.
Munro, Jas. tNewell, Bro. Matthi Paxfon, E. E. Pfotenhauer, W. Potter, W. R. R. Reed, Miss M. Rock, Job. Swezey, O. H. Swezey, Mrs. O. H. Tenney, E. D. Terry, F. W. Van Dine, D. L. Waldron, J. W. Waterhouse, A. Wilcox, E. V. Wilder, G. P.
t Honorary.
All correspondence to be addressed to the Secretary at the Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii, from whom copies of the Proceedings may be purchased.
Volume I of the Proceedings, for 1905-07 (in 5 numbers), contains 210 pages, 4 plates, and 5 t'ext figures. Price of the complete volume $2.00. Single numbers 50 cents. Volume II, No. 1, contains 35 pages, 1 cut and one portrait. Price 50 cents.
35
Towards the tips of the antennae, the joints become dark-colored and slenderer, so that the antennae are attenuate apically. The pedicel is very short, compared with the other joints, but it is evidently longer than wide. Length about 4 mm.
Hab : Australia, Queensland ; larva forming a sac on the sides of the abdomen of small crickets (Trigonidiidae).
Obs. Although I have referred this insect to the Dryinidae, largely on account of its larval habits, the larval sac being of the same form as that of Aphclopus, which likewise has non- chelate tarsi, yet its twelve- jointed antennae might be held sufficient to exclude it from this family.
AUGUST 6th, 1908. The forty-third regular meeting was held in the usual place.
MEMBER ELECTED.
Dr. E. V. Wilcox.
Mr. Van Dine reported having carefully examined about one thousand mango seeds collected by Dr. Baldwin in nine locali- ties of Maui, and not finding any weevils {Cryptorhynchus mangiferae). This would indicate that possibly this pest has not yet spread from Oahu to Maui.
Mr. Giffard opened the discussion on the mango scale bugs at the Moanalua Gardens and their distribution to other por- tions of the islands. Neither Mr. Kotinsky nor Mr. Van Dine have observed any of these scales outside of Moanalua, the former not having seen them alive even there since their fumi- gation by the Hawaiian Board of Agriculture.
Dr. Wilcox made inquiry for the Hawaiian Promotion Com- mittee as to the feasibility of introducing rattan {Calamus, Palmaceae) from Malaya, probably Java for cultivation. In view of the common presence of borers in those plants in the Orient, Mr. Gififard doubted whether the Board of Agriculture would allow their importation. It was suggested that a less risky method would be to bring seeds. Dr. Wilcox asked a simi- lar question relative to the cocaine (Erythroxylon coca, Lina- ceae) plant which it is contemplated to bring from Peru and Mexico.
36
Mr. Kolinsky reported having discovered aphis on the mango trees brought by Mr. Mclntyre from Manila, although they were grown in a supposedly insect proof house and transported in screened wardian cases. Mr. Van Dine stated that the aphis was probably brought in by ants.
Mr. Giffard reported having read of the presence of the Argentine ant (Iridomyrme.v humilis) in California, warning the inspector against it, also inquiring whether anything akin to it has been observed here.
Dr. Wilcox discussed the apparent possibility for usefulness of sulphur trioxide, which, while an excellent insecticide and fungus disinfectant, is innocuous to colored materials. Mr. Gif- fard inquired whether other entomologists observed the differ- ence of behavior of the same species of insect in different cyanide bottles. Mr. Van Dine said that he finds chloroform a useful substance owing to the rapidity in killing specimens. Dr. Wilcox said that the rapid killing bottle must be an advantage since the insects are killed so quickly, that no time is left to contract muscles and thus get organs out of shape and normal position.
Mr. Kotinsky reported having bred Lycaena sp. (one of the two Lantana Lycaenids) from pepper pods on the surface of which larvae were found feeding. It seems however that this was an accidental deposit of several eggs probably by one female, as outside of the first six or seven no other peppers were observed damaged by this insect.
SEPTEMBER 7th, 1908. The forty-fourth regular meeting was held in the usual place.
NOTES AND EXHIBITION OF SPECIMENS.
Tile time of the meeting was chiefly occupied in discussion of the Argentine ant (Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr), Mr. Kotin- sky read a letter he had received from Mr. E. M. Ehrhorn, San Francisco, Cal., in which the situation as regards this ant in California, was given. Mr. Kotinsky had also received speci- mens of the ant from Mr. Ehrhorn. From the fact that this ant has become established in California, and that it is known to be so serious a household and agricultural pest in Louisiana where it has been established for quite a number of years, our port inspectors should be particularly watchful lest it become
Z7
introduced into these islands by way of the shipping from San Francisco.
Dr. FiHppo Silvestri, entomologist at the Royal School of Agriculture, Portici, Italy, who had been spending a few days investigating the methods of combatting insect pests as carried on in the Hawaiian Islands, was present, and favored the Society with some remarks and suggestions.
Dr. Silvestri reported having collected a Lepismid on the rocks at Waianae which he thought would prove to be a new species, and offered to send the description for publication in the Proceedings. He also reported having discovered an im- portant Protozoan, parasitic on one of our species of termites. The slide preparations that he made he will study at home. He spoke with great appreciation of the value of the work done with parasites on these islands in combatting the various injuri- ous insects, particularly Perkinsiclla saccharicida (Homoptera- Delphacidae) the leaf -hopper pest of the sugar cane.
Having been informed that Coccus tuherculahis described by him on page i68 of Proc. Haw. Ent.' Soc, I', No. 5, was a homonym, Mr. Kotinsky offered to change the name to C. miiiri in honor of the collector.
NOVEMBER 5th, 1908.
The forty-fifth regular meeting of the Society was held in the usual place.
MEMBERS ELECTED.
D. T. Fullaway, J. P. Cooke.
PAPERS READ. Notes on a Collection of Odynerus from Maui.
BY W. M. GIFFARD.
( Specimens exhibited ) .
This collection of 19 species of Odynerus was made in Wai- luku and lao Valley, Maui, on March 22nd, and at Olowalu, Maui, on March 25th, 1908. The number of species so far recorded for the island of Maui is 23, which with two species {Chclodynerus chelifer and O. microdemas) included in this collection will now make 25 species recorded for that island.*
* C. chelifer is recorded on the adjacent islands of Molokai ana Lanai whilst O. microdemas is similarly so on Molokai only. Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, II, No. 2, Sept., 1909.
38
The species collected by me on the above dates and their dis- tribution is as follows :
Wailuku (Outskirts of town).
10. O. aprepes; male, female. (Female, so far un- recorded). 2. 0. konamis; male. 6 0. molokaiensis ; male, female.
6 O. insulicola; male, female.
i8 O. sandzuichensis ; male, female.
1 O. nignpennis; male.
Total, 6 species.
lao P^ alley, 1300 ft. elevation.
2 0. naiadum; male.
21. O. purpurifer; male, female.
24 O. camelinus; male, female.
I 0. homoeogaster (deinogaster?) ; male.
1 0. tcmpe; male. (Female only recorded).
2 O. nigripcnnis ; male, female.
1. 0. cryfhrostactes; male. I 0. instabilis; male.
10 (0. ccostatus, O. lacvisulcatus') ; male, female.
Total, 10 species.
Olozvalu Coast.
7 C. chelifcr; male, female.
1 Psendopterockeilus congruus ; male. , n ■
2 0. microdemas ; male, female. / toeether
1 O. f rater ; male.
2. O. sandwichensis : male, female.
2 0. insulicola; female. 2 O. molokaiensis ; male, female.
Total, 7 species.
Olowalu, 1200 ft. elevation.
I O. e cos tat us; male.
39
Note : — Certain of the Wailuku species in this collection might well be included together with those of lao Valley for the purposes of this exhibit, some having been as a matter of fact taken in both places by previous collectors (See Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, Vol. I, pt. 3, p. 86). I have separated the distribu- tion of the species in the present exhibit in order to show differ- ence in elevation of the collecting ground and also because cer- tain of the lao Valley species proper are recorded only as taken from the higher elevation.
A Note on a Cimicid Hemipteron with deformed head, and on a Membracid with deformed pronotum.
BY G. W. KIRKALDY.
(Presented by O. H. Swezey. Specimens exhibited).
Deformed antennae and legs are not of unusual occurrence in certain families of Heteroptera, especially in Coreidae and jMyodochidae, these being due in many cases to injuries received in nymph-hood. Similar abnormalities in head and pronotum are not so common, and 1 therefore place two on record.
The first is a curiously deformed head of a female Phyllo- cephaline Cimicid, Mcgarrhaiuphus hastatiis, from Java, col- lected by Mr. Muir. In the normal condition of the head viewed from above (fig. i), the juga are very much elongate, the tylus being very short and closed around in front by them. In this deformed specimen, the whole head is shortened, the juga are a little crumpled, much misshapen, the right jugum being round- ed, shortened, and swollen apically (fig. 2).
1. Meuarrhamphus hastatus normal head ;
2. The same abnormal.
One of the characteristics of a typical Membracid Homop- teron is the possession of an elongate process of the pronotum, which lies more or less flat along the back. I now exhibit a specimen of a species of Centrotypus collected by Mr. Muir at Parit Buntar, in the Malay Peninsula, which has this process crumpled and much shortened, the main part of the pronotum being also crumpled on one side.
Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, II, No. 2, Sept., 1909.
40
Banana Leaf=roIIers of the Genus Omiodes [Lep.].
BY OTTO H. SWEZEY.
( Specimens exhibited ) . Omiodes blackburni (Butler).
This species is the common Pahn Leaf-roller, which works such havoc with the leaves of coconut palms. It is known to feed more or less on bananas particularly the wild or native varieties. Dr. Perkins, several years ago, reared numerous moths from caterpillars which were very abundant on native bananas at Makaweli, Kauai. A sample sent to Meyrick was identified as this species.
I have never until recently found the caterpillars of this species feeding on bananas. In August of this year 1 found quite a number of them feeding on bananas where they were growing wild on the plateau in lao Valley, Maui. I also found them quite numerous in Nahiku, Maui, where there are numerous patches of wild bananas along the government road. In Octo- ber, I found them feeding on the tall-growing cultivated varie- ties at Kohala, Hawaii, and through the districts of the wind- ward side of the island from Kukuihacle to Hilo.
Omiodes meyricki Swezey.
IMention of my discovery of the caterpillars of this species, feeding on wild bananas above Honomu, Hawaii, is found in Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, Vol. I, p. 134. The moths which I reared from them proved to be a new species, and it was described later (Bull. Ent. H. S. P. A., V, p. 24, 1907).
In October of this year, while on an inspection trip through the sugar plantations of Hawaii, I found the caterpillars of this species very numerous on wild bananas, growing in the gulches on the windward side of the island, from Ookala to Hilo, also at Mountain View and Pahoa. Wherever I chanced to see wild banana plants in these regions, they had been much eaten by these caterpillars, and I could usually find plenty of them of all sizes.
Omiodes musicola n. sp.
Male, female, 25-30 mm. Head dark fuscous in front of antennae, ochreous fuscous behind; thorax and abdomen with fuscous and ocheous scales mixed, some ferruginous scales also on some of the segments of the abdomen, apical margins of abdominal segments whitish; genital tufts nearly black. Antennae pale fuscous, ochreous
Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, II, No. 2, Sept., 1909.
41
in front; palpi fuscous, ochreous telow; tongue and tips of maxillary palpi fulvous; legs ochreous, femora and fore tibiae with some fus- cous. Forewings dark fuscous with some ochreous scales mixed in, more abundant on costa, and a few scattered ferruginous scales, more abundant at base, veins ochreous; first line ochreous, angled outward- ly about middle making nearly a right angle, posteriorly heavily mar- gined with dark fuscous; a more or less obscure dark fuscous orbi- cular dot; an ochreous discal spot traversed by a transverse black spot; second line ochreous, angled outwardly below costa and again below middle, margined anteriorly with dark fuscous; a series of terminal black spots between the veins; cilia pale fuscous, darker at base. Hindwings slightly paler fuscous than forewings, a dark fuscous discal dot, an ochreous post-median line anteriorly dark fus- cous margined, angled outwardly below middle; a dark fuscous line on termen, cilia as in forewings.
The color pattern of this species is very similar to that of 0. Mackbunii and 0. meyricki; but in this the dark fuscous pre- dominates, while in blackburni ochreous predominates, and fer- ruginous predominates in meyricki. The angulation oi the first line of forewings is nearly a right angle in musicola, while in the other two mentioned species it is an acute angle. The angu- lation of second line below middle is less acute in this species than in the other two.
In August, 1908, I discovered numerous caterpillars of all sizes, also eggs, on wild bananas high up in lao Valley and at Nahiku, Maui. These caterpillars were different from any Omiodes caterpillars I had yet seen, and on rearing, proved to be different from any previously described species ; hence, I am describing it as new.
The egg-masses were found on the under side of the leaf mostly along the midrib, but also on the surface away from the midrib. The eggs were similar to those of other species of Omiodes, and about as many in a mass as in those of 0. black- burni.
Full-grown larva about 27 mtn. ; dull pale greenish ; head testaceous with some light brownish checkering on upper part, a round black spot in each lobe in front, two oblique short black lines on paraclypeus, eyes black with a dark brown streak ex- tending upward from them, a short black line on posterior mar- gin of head extending upward from a black dot at postero- ventral angle ; cervical shield with black lateral margins, anterior margin slightly fuscous and with a row of ten dark fuscous dots, a large broad elongate longitudinal black bar in each lateral lobe, on the dorsum between these and near the posterior margin are two groups of five tiny dark fuscous dots ; tubercle in front of spiracle with a black line on dorsal margin ; tubercles ii on
42
segments 3 and 4 almost entirely blackened, all the other tuber- cles are at least slightly infuscated, some more so, and those of segments 11-13 and of row iii especially are conspicuously infus- cated; spiracles circular, yellowish.
Pupa, 14 mm. long, medium brown, darker on dorsum; wing-cases extend to apex of 4th abdominal segment; leg-cases and antenna-cases extend about two segments farther, free be- yond 4th segment; cremaster subconical with a cluster of eight hooked bristles at apex fastened into silk of the cocoon.
The smaller caterpillars fed on the under surface along the midrib of the leaf where it was convenient for them to make a web for their protection ; larger ones secrete themselves in rolled up edges of the leaves. The pupae are found in the latter place or some other favorable situation. . The pupal stage occupied II days.
DECEMBER 3rd, 1908.
The forty-sixth regular and 4th annual meeting was held in the usual place.
Revised Constitution and By=Laws as adopted at this meeting.
Article I. Name.
The name of this organization shall be The Hawaiian Ento- mological Socidty.
Article II. Objects.
The objects of the Society shall be to promote the study of entomology in all possible bearings, and to encourage friendly relations between those in any way interested in the science.
Article III. Membership.
The Society shall consist of active, corresponding and honor- ary members. No corresponding members shall be elected from residents on the Island of Oahu.
Article IV. Officers.
The officers of the Society shall be a President, Vice-Presi- dent and Secretary-Treasurer, to be elected by ballot at the an-
43
nual meeting. The duties of these officers, besides those usually pertaining to their respective offices, shall be jointly to act as Executive Committee and to transact the business of the Society not otherwise provided for. Also, the President shall deliver an address at the annual meeting.
Article V. Meetings.
The regular meetings shall be held, unless otherwise ordered by the Executive Committee, on the first Thursday of each month. The annual meeting for the election of officers shall be the regular meeting for the month of December. Special meet- ings may be called by he Executive Committee, or by the Presi- dent at the written request of five active members.
Article VI. Amendments.
This Constitution may be amended at any regular meeting by a two-thirds vote of the active members present, a copy of each amendment proposed having been presented at the preced- ing regular meeting.
By-Laws.
I. — The annual dues for active members shall be five dollars, and for corresponding members two dollars. Honorary mem- bers shall be exempt from dues.
2. — Election of members shall be by ballot, nomination having been made by a member of the Society at a previous meeting. A majority vote of active members present or represented by proxy shall be necessary for election.
3. — Five members shall constitute a quorum for the trans- action of business. Active members may be represented by writ- ten proxy presented to the Secretary previous to the meeting.
4. — Written notice of all meetings of the Society shall be sent to all members at least three days in advance.
5. — Regular meetings shall open at 3.30 P. M. and close not over an hour and a half later.
6. — Any member in arrears for one year may, after due notifi- cation, be dropped from the rolls. No member in arrears shall be entitled to a vote or to the Proceedings of the Society for that year.
7. — In the absence of President and Vice-President a chair- man pro-tem may be elected by a majority vote of active mem- bers present, or represented by proxy.
44
8. — The order of proceedings at all meetings shall be as fol- lows:
a. Roll call of members and submission of proxies.
b. Reading and approval of minutes.
c. Reports of officers and committees.
d. Nomination and election of members.
e. Unfinished or new business.
f. Entomological program.
g. Nomination and election of officers for the ensuing year.
The following officers were elected for the ensuing year :
President Otto H. Swezey.
Vice-President D. L. Van Dine.
Secretary-Treasurer D. B. Kuhns.
PAPERS read. Generic Synopsis of Hawaiian Macrolepidoptera.
BY OTTO H. SWEZEY.
[Presidential address].
In the use of the part "Macrolepidoptera" of the Fauna Ha- waiiensi§, there are excellent tables to assist in the identification of species ; but one finds a lack of generic and family tables. On account of this, I have often found difficulty in determining to what genus a specimen belonged, if it was not closely related to a species or genus with which I was already familiar. ■ Pri- marily for my own convenience I have constructed the follow- ing tables of families and genera. My tables are based on Mey- rick's classification, and are largely adapted from various tables of his, necessarily modified considerably to include only genera existing here, and especially for the new genera which have not before appeared in tables.
In some cases genera have been split up or rearranged by more recent writers (as for example: Agrotis the species of which have been assigned by Hampson to several different genera) ; in other cases Meyrick has assigned species to differ- ent genera from what other writers have ; but in these tables the genera are used as given by Meyrick in the Fauna, pur- posely that they may be conveniently used in connection with the Fauna.
Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, II, No. 2, Sept., 1909.
45
As is well known, tables are only a help, and can not be de- pended on exclusively in assigning specimens to their proper genera ; but the fact that for many of the genera in the Fauna, no characters are given, shows all the more the usefulness of tables of this kind, and 1 think they will be fully appreciated by those interested in Hawaiian "Macros."
I have verified the tables for the most of the genera; but of some of the rarer ones I have not seen specimens, and have had to rely on the accuracy of descriptions, in the construction of these tables.
As a sample of wing venation, 1 insert a cut of wings of Omiodes blackburni, the Palm Leafroller. These wings have all veins present ; whereas many genera have one or more veins missing. They are numbered by the method used by Meyrick and others, which is more simple than that used by some Lepi- dopterists.
As tabulated, there are four Superfamilies represented; i5 Families ; and 6i Genera.
1. Hind wings with Ic present (D) PYRALIDINA
Hind wings with Ic absent 2.
2. Antennae terminally clavate (C) PAPILIONl'N'A.
Antennae not terminally clavate 3.
3. Forewings with 5 basally approximated to 4.. (A) CARADRININA Forewings with 5 parallel to 4 or approximated to 6
(B) NOTODONTINA.
(A) CARADRININA.
1. Hindwings with 5 well developed (I) CARADRINIDAB.
Hind wings with 5 imperfect or obsolete (II) PLUSIADAE.
(D CARADRINl'DAE.
Eyes hairy Leucania.
Eyes not hairy 2.
Middle and posterior tibiae spinose 3.
Middle and posterior tibiae not spinose 4.
Anterior tibiae with two apical spines and two on inner side.
. Heliothis.
Anterior tibiae with more spines than above. Agrotis.
4. Abdomen more or less crested Spodoptera.
Abdomen not crested Caradrina.
(II) PLUSIADAE.
1. Abdomen crested 2.
Abdomen not crested 3.
2. Abdomen with small dorsal tuft near base Hypenodes.
Abdomen with 3 large dorsal tufts Plusia.
3. Palpi porrect 4.
Palpi upturned 5.
4. Hind wings with 4 and 5 parallel Nesamiptis.
Hind wings with 4 and 5 not parallel Hypocala.
5. Forewings with termen angulately produced in middle
Cosmophila.
Forewings not so produced 6.
6. Cell of hind wing very short Adrapsa.
Cell of hind wing normal " Simplicia.
(B) NOTODONTINA.
1. Hind wings with 5 imperfect or obsolete. (IV) SELIDOSEMIDAE. Hind wings with 5 fully developed 2.
2. Antennae thickened towards middle or posteriorly
(V) SPHlNGIDAE.
Antennae not thickened (Ill) HYDRIOMENlDAi^.
CIII) HYDRIOMENIDAE.
1. Face rough-haired Dasyuris.
Face with conical tuft of scales 2.
2. Antennae in male unipectinated Prcgncstola.
Antennae in male bipectinated Xanthorhoe.
Antennae in male ciliated 3.
3. Abdomen crested Eucymatoge.
Abdomen not crested Hydriomena.
(IV) SELIDOSEMIDAE.
1. Hind wings in male above with median streak of erect hairs,
apex ot fore wing strongly rounded Sisyrophyta.
Hind wings in male clothed with long hairs towards dorsum,
apex of fore wing produced Acrodrepanis.
Hind wings in male normal, apex not peculiar 2.
2. Fore wings in male with large patch of modified scales in
cell beneath Nesochlide.
Fore wings in male not as above 3.
3. Posterior tibiae in male dilated, containing hair-pencil, size
more than 25 mm Scotorythra.
Posterior tibiae in male not dilated, without hair-pencil, size 25 mm. or less Tritocleis.
(V) SPHINGIDAE.
1. Thorax with short double posterior tuft Sphinx.
Thorax without above ,, Deilephila.
47
(C) PAPILIONINA.
Anterior legs of male useless for walking. (VII) NYMPHALIDAE.
Anterior legs of male well developed 2.
Anterior tarsi of male more or less abbreviated, or with one
or hoth claws absent (VITI) LYCAENIDAE.
Anterior tarsi of male not abbreviated, claws developed
(VI) PIERIDAE.
(VI) PIERIDAE. Pieris.
(VII) NYMPHALIDAE.
Eyes hairy Vanessa.
Eyes glabrous Anosia.
(VIII) LYCAENIDAE. Lycaena.
(D) PYRALIDINA.
Fore wings six-cleft (XV) ORNEODIDAE.
Fore wings not six-cleft ^•
Hind wings with defined pecten of hairs on lower margin of cell towards base 3.
Hind wings without such pecten (sometimes with loose scat- tered hairs) 5.
Fore wings with 7 absent (IX) PHYCITIDAE.
Fore wings with 7 present 4.
Maxillary palpi triangularly scaled (XI) CRAMBIDAE.
Maxillary palpi not triangularly scaled (X) GALLERIADAE.
Wings cleft, or entire, 8 and 9 of fore wings separate
(XIV) PTEROPHORIDAE
Wings entire, 8 and 9 of fore winffs stalked 6.
Fore wings with vein 7 rising out of 8... (XIII) PYRALIDIDAB.
Fore wings with vein 7 separate from 8... (XII) PYRAUSTIDAE.
(IX) PHYCITIDAE.
Hind wings with 4 and 5 approximated Cryptoblabes.
Hind wings with 5 stalked with 4, or wanting 2.
Fore wings with 5 absent 3.
Fore wings with 5 present 5.
Labial palpi erect Ephestia.
Labial palpi porrect 4.
Hind wings with 3 and 4 stalked Plodda.
Hind wings with 3 and 4 separate . (new genus)*
* For an unnamed species bred from flower heads of silversvvrord plant (Argyroxiphium) in the crater of Haleakala, Maui.
48
5. Fore wings with 11 veins 6.
Fore wings with 10 veins 7.
6. Fore wings with 4 and 5 separate Genophantis.
Fore wings with 4 and 5 stalked Myelois.
7. Hind wings with 3 and 4 stalked Ephestiodes.
Hind wings with 3 and 4 approximated or connate. Homoeosoma.
(X) GALLERIADAB.
Meliphora.
(XI) CRAMBIDAE.
1. Fore wings in male with semitransparent patch in cell
Euchromius.
Fore wings in male without such patch 2
2. Termen of fore wings deeply excavated below middle
Prionopteryx.
Termen of fore wings not excavated Talis.
(XII) PYRAUSTIDAE.
1. Male with bladder-like swelling beneath costa of hind wing
at base Hyperectis.
Male without such character... 2.
2. Fore wing with more or less developed tufts of raised scales
in cell Scoparia.
Fore wing without such tufts 3.
3. Fore wings 4 times as long as wide, legs extremely long.Lineodes. Not as above 4.
4. Antenna of male with base of shaft excised and a tuft of hair
from extremity of basal joint Hymenia,
Antenna of male not so 5.
5. Palpi upturned 6.
Palpi porrect 8 '
6. Maxillary palpi strongly dilated with scales Margaronia.
Maxillary palpi filiform 7.
7. Outer spurs of hind tibiae about half the length of inner spurs.
Omiodes.
Outer spurs of hind tibiae of nearly even length Hellula.
3. Palpi with the 3rd joint naked Evergestis.
Palpi with the 3rd joint concealed by hair or scales 9.
9. Posterior tibiae in male with outer middle-spur rudimentary..
Phlyctaenia.
Posterior tibiae in male with above spur developed 10.
10. Fore wings with 10 rising out of 9 Nymphula.
Fore wings with 10 separate 11-
11. Face forming a horny prominence Loxostege.
Face without a horny prominence 12.
12. Middle tibiae in male dilated Mecyna.
Middle tibiae in male normal 13.
13. Fore wings much narrower than hind wings Nomophila.
Fore wings about same width as hind wings 14.
40
14. Palpi very long, tapering f>yrausta.
Palpi moderate, loosely scaled Protaulacistis.
Palpi short 25
15. Fringe of hairs on lower median vein of hind wings. Orthomecyna. No fringe as above 16.
16. Hind wings with veins 4 and 5 closely approximated at base.
• ;. ■ Promylaea.
Hind wings with 4 and 5 not approximated at base. .Mestolobes.
(XIII) PYRALIDIDAE.
Pyralis.
(XIV) PTEROPHORIDAE.
Fore wings with 7 and 9 present, face tufted Platyptilla.
Fore wings with 7 and 9 absent face not tufted Trichoptilus.
(XVJ ORNEODIDAE. Orneodes.
A revision of the Hemipterous family Nabidae found in the Hawaiian Islands.
BY G. W. KIRKALDY.
The Nabidae have usually been considered a part of the great predaceous family Reduviidae, but constitute a separate family, distinguished by the absence of the stridulatory apparatus on the prosternum, by the distinctly 4-segmentate labium and by the characteristic venation. The ova are inserted, whereas they are deposited externally in the Reduviidae, but the nymphs, as in the latter family, have three odoriferous orifices on the tergites.
The Hawaiian species belong to one genus (though this may, if one wishes, be spHt up into four subgenera) and indeed, if we except the almost cosmopolitan and certainly immigrant Reduviolus capsiformis, may very reasonably be considered to have all developed from one original immigrant, possibly indeed from R. blackburni.
There is no need to discuss the structure in detail, as there is very little in it of special interest; the venation, however, de- mands a few words.
The tegminal venation is not at all dissimilar from that of a Zeline Reduviid such as Triatoma, except that the membranal veins are continued furcately to the very apex. The costal vein continues to the exterior angle of the apical margin unforked. The subcostal and radial are coalesced (as is common in Heterop-
Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, II, No. 2, Sept., 1909.
so
tera) for about two-thirds of the length of the corium, after which the subcostal continues alone to the apical margin of the cerium, meeting the costal there ; the radial sector deflects to meet at an angle a fork of the median, the two continuing to the apical margin of the membrane, the median continuing also, rather deflectedly, to the apical margin of the corium. This is the case in such typical forms as capsiformis, but the relations of the veins are more obscured in liisciosiis, &c.
There are several little points which jcannot be settled without recourse to freshly emerged specimens, but for systematic pur- poses, it is sufficient to say that a large area is formed in the basal middle of the membrane which is traversed longitudinally by two submedian veins, which in some species are simple, in others shortly forked. This venation, however, is not of a posi- tive specific value, as variations occur even in the two tegmina of the same specimen.
In the NesotyphUas series, at least in R. lusciosus, the vena- tion is very similar, except that the tegmen is much more coria- ceous (though the brachypterous form of R. blackbiirni ap- proaches in that respect), and the clavus is not separated, but the length of the main veins is variable, the membrane is very oblique and much shortened. In R. kaohinani and its allies, the tegmina are still more reduced.
It is not possible to interpret the wing from that of the mature adult. There are two main, subhorizontal veins (the "primary" and the ''subtended") ; these do not reach the margin, but are joined about their middle by the "connecting" vein, from the lower half of which arises the hamus (h) ; the claval commissure is accompanied by a vein from which springs an arched one. The uppermost vein is possibly the subcostal (joined basally to the radial), and the next is possibly the median, the hamus rep- resenting the radial sector. (PI. 1, f. ii).
The venation is a little reduced in the brachypterous form of R. blackburni and much more in R. nesiotes (PI. i, f. 12), while the wing is almost obsolete in the NesotyphUas group and has no appreciable venation.
The males are much slenderer than the females, in which the abdomen is more or less widened laterally in the middle. The ovipositor is very conspicuous. In the males, the pygophor is ornamented by a hook on each side (PI. i, fs. 1-4), which is arti- culated close to the apical margin, and in repose lies fairly flat against the body, with the acute end pointing forwards, but can be turned in a sort of socket so that this end can point in the opposite direction. These hooks consist of two parts, which, however, are all of one piece, the "handle" and the "blade."
51
These homely terms seem to be sufficient for descriptive allu- sion. There is no doubt, 1 suppose, but that these hooks arc used for gripping the female during copulation, but it is cer- tainly a point for observation and confirmation. The figures are a little diagrammatic, as the parts are rarely in the same plane.
Although, like the Reduviidae, adapted for a life of rapine, the Nabidae are not entirely predaceous, nor indeed are the Reduviidae always. In these islands, nymphs and adults prey on Leaf-hoppers, Aphidae, Psocidae, small Diptera, etc., but R. capsiforniis also sucks up the sweet secretion of the Asiracid Perkinsiella saccharicida (l). Various notes on exotic species have been made; thus the holarctic R. ferus has been recorded as preying on the Cecidomy id-fly Mayetiola destructor (2) ; the palaearctic R. limhatus on Tipula paludosa (3) ; R. myrmicodes on the eggs of the butterfly Pieris (4) ; and R. apterus on Aphi- dae in the gall-crumpled leaves of Ulmus (5). Of course these are isolated fragments, but are sufficient to indicate the nature of their food-supply. Like most predaceous Heteroptera, Redu- violus can stab pretty severely (^), though it can not obtain the same purchase as the Reduviidae with their firm, hard, beaks.
Exotic species of Reduviolus are usually found in mixed, low herbages, grasses, sedges, etc. ; one species (myrmicodes) on the ground, with ants. In these islands. R. capsiforniis is found in grasses and weeds in rather dry places as a rule, while in similar situations is found R. blackburni, though at rather higher, and in fact wetter, elevations, and more naturally perhaps, among ferns, especially "Staghorn" (Gleichenia dichotoma). The spe- cies of Nesotyphlias are found on the ground and on tree-ferns : the rest are arboreal. The arboreal forms seem to be somewhat restricted in their hunting-trees. R. kahavalu is restricted to Sophora chrysophylla and seems, so Dr. Perkins informs me, to be the most arboreal of all the species. R. tarai is always on Cyafhodes, though naturally it occurs on other plants which
(1). PerkiTiK, 1903, Bull. Board Agr. Hawaii, I, 19.
(2). Bruner and Swenk, 1907, Bull. Nebraska Agr. Sta., xcvi, 17. f. 4.
(.3). Campion, 1905, Entom., xxxviii, 281.
(4). Marchal, 1900, B. S. E. France, 330.
(5). Fieber, 1860, Eur. Hem., 159.
(6). Eardley-Mason, 1889, Ent. Mo. Mag., xxv, 457.
(7). Although none of the Homoptera is known to be predaceous, Mr. Kershaw writes to me, "Did I tell you that whilst at Piroe [in Ceram] sitting in a chair, a nymph of a small Fulgoroid settled on my bare foot, and punctured it and began to suck? Muir saw it."
52
touch the latter. At Kilauea, Hawaii, I found one of this species on Ohia lehua, but it was a scrub-tree and closely swathed around up to its lower branch by the Cyathodes. R. tritculenfus is restricted to PipHirus and has not been found elsewhere. The other arboreal forms have been found on Acacia koa and Nani (Metrosideros) polyuiorpha, but also on ferns, etc., when these are around the trees. Thus also while the Nesotyphlias forms seem to be ground-feeders, yet they also occur on tree-terns and other trees when the branches of the latter are in communi- cation with the ground or the shrubbery. They seem to be fond of dead fronds of ferns, whether on the tree or fallen.
The eggs of Reduviolus were first described by Swezey in 1905 (^) and the following year by Chapman (9). Those of R. capsiformis (blackburni Swezey) are inserted in the midrib of cane-leaves and similar situations. Chapman found the eggs of what was supposed to be R. myrmicodes (lativentns) insert- ed in the leaves of Clilora pcrfoliata. These eggs are much like those of R. capsiformis^ but are more deflected near the micro- pile end. Their deposition appears also to be more regular than in the latter. Chapman says : ''When the egg hatches, it opens by an elaborate lid or stopper being pushed off, or raih^r o;it. This lid occupies the Vv^hole thickness of the woody layer, and when pushed out leaves the whole of the tube in this layer lined by egg-shell, so that it is more like a stopper in a bottle than a lid. When pushed out it does not fall, but remains attached to the egg by several twisted films, which retain it, at a distance of about half a millimetre, in a position as if its being pushed back into its place were contemplated. This stopper is of a white pith-like texture and highly organized structure. It is a slightly conical tube, with a diaphragm near its inner opening; the outer surface is longitudinally striated. The inside is impressed with hollows in several irregular series, such as might be made, if it were on a larger scale, by making grooves with rounded ends from the edge to the bottom, whilst it was still soft material, by pressure of a finger, then repeating this in a shorter series and again by another, with only the finger tips within the margin. The flat bottom has also a number of upright, slender processes, sometimes branched, half the height of the hollow they are in." This capsule is not unlike, generally speaking, that of certain Reduviids.
The nymphs of our species are not specially interesting. They have three glandular openings, the tarsi are all bisegmentate,
(8). 1905, Bull. H. S. P. Ent, I, 234, PI. 17, f. 2-3. (9). 1906, Ent. XXXIX, 73. PI- 3.
53
at least in the later stages, the first segment being minute; the claws are long and subequal. The ant-like appearance of one of the exotic species of Redmnolus has been long known, but none of the Hawaiian forms show any resemblance of this nature ; they are always found in the same sort of place as their adults. R. kerasphoros is recognizable by the thickened first segment of the antennae, but has not the cephalic horns of the adult. R. tarai and tructilentus by their pattern and colouring, as recorded in their specific descriptions further on ; R. subrufus is very red; R. capsiformis is slender and pale yellowish with a percurrent red line down the middle; R. hisciosus is brownish yellow; but I have not observed any special structural char- acters, except in R. kerasphoros, with its thickened antennae.
Dr. D. Sharp has described and figured (10) the nymph of R. myrmicodcs (under the name of Nahis lativcnfris), showing its ant-like appearance, as before mentioned, and observing "it is strange that this curious case of resemblance should hitherto have escaped notice." As Poulton has also recently (H) writ- ten, "It is remarkable that so interesting a form of mimicry in such a common insect should have been undescribed until so late as 1899," it is evident that a summary of the literature Vv^ill not be out of place here.
In 1834 O. G. Costa described a new species of Reduviolus under the name of Nobis myrmicodcs (12) ; as his description was based upon a nymph, it is allowable to infer that his atten- tion had been drawn to the ant-like appearance of the bug. I have, however, not seen a copy of his rare paper, and do not know the details; I am not even sure that the reference given is correct.
In 1879 O. M. Renter (who has just recently, after a life de- voted to Science, and especially to the Hemiptera. been afflicted by total blindness), published a valuable summary, with much new matter, of what was known on the subject of "Mimicry" in Hemiptera, entitled "Till kannedomen om mimiska Hemip- tera och dcras lefnads historia" (13). With reference to Redu- violus myrmicodes, which, according to the nomenclature in vogue at" that time, he called "Coriscus lativentris," he says : "This species is not a mimic in the adult state, but is an exceed- ingly good one as a nymph or larva. Nymphs of this have even
(10). D. Sharp, 1899, Cambr. Nat. Hist., VI, 556-7, f. 269. (11). Poulton, 1908, Essays on Evolution, 1889-1907, pp. 257-8. (12). O. G. Costa, 1834. Cenni Zool. xii, Tl; (I have not seen this). (13). Reuter, 1879, Oefv. Finsk. Porh., 1878-9, pp. 141-199, (the notes on Reduviolus are on pp. 189-90).
(14). Breddin, 1896, Zeitschr. fur Naturwiss, LXIX, 33-5, Pi. I, f. 10.
54
been described as a separate species by Costa under the name of A^abis mynnicodes, having reference to its mimicry of an ant, and indeed very happily so named. In the parks and leafy woods in places around Lille in the north of France, I happened to net, in some shady groves, a considerable number of the nymphs of this species, from 2-4^ millimeters long; in the net with the same were numbers of a Myrmica, the species of which I did not determine ; these individuals, though systematically so far apart, could scarcely be separated then. Towards the mimick- ing of the Myrmica, there contribute in a high degree the four upright spines in the nymphs, one on each side of the meso-and metathorax ; the abdomen is not itself so extraordinarily con- stricted at the base, but it appears so, by reason of the white spots, placed one on each side at the base. This is the case actually in the young nymphs, which have need of the mimicry, but in the older ones it is less marked, owing to the four white spots above-mentioned disappearing (1^). The species has by that time become very big, so that mimicry of an ant would be of utility no longer, as the latter are not so large. The colour- ing of the small individual is also more in accordance with that of the Myrmica. Coriscus lativentris is a predaceous bug whose lifehistory, and the nature of its relations with the ants, are as yet unknown."
More recently, Breddin, in a paper entitled ''Nachahmungser- scheinungen bei Rhynchoten" (14) has also discussed this spe- cies. He says : "Figure I shows a blackish-brown insect the proportions of whose body cannot in the least be compared with those of an ant. But through a real stroke of genius on the part of Nature ( !) this little animal is wonderfully clothed. On each side of the base of the abdomen there appears a whitish, faintly glittering spot which extends far across the back until the dull ground-colour appears only as a narrow central stripe which is very much like the well-known stalked abdomen of the ants. In order to make the masquerade complete, the plump and conspicuous anterolateral parts of the abdomen are made invisible by the little white spot, and the transformation of the really plumply built insect into a slender ant, is complete.
"This adaptation is very much more marked than in the col- ouring or the nymphs of the other species of Nobis, especially in
(15). They occur in nymphs of 4% mill, long, not any longer in those of 6 mill, length.
55
the very closely allied N. brevipennis nothing very strikingly marked is shown. (16).
"The colour-divergence between nymph and imago [in myrnn- codes] is also usually marked, so that one who is not fully expe- rienced in these matters will take the blackish, white-spotted nymph, and the plain greyish brown adult for two entirely differ- ent insects, as indeed an early writer (Costa) has done, in describ- ing the nymph as a separate species under the name of Nabis myrmicodes. This marked difference gives us a glance into the mode of life of the bug. While we find tlie species of Nobis, as for example the closely related N. brevipennis, as adults and also as nymphs, in herbage and shrubs, we meet N. lativeufris, on the contrary, with its nymphs, generally crawling on the ground ; thev are also found among clumps of roots of strong plants, and under stones watching for their prey. They appear especially abundant where forest-ants are plentiful ; and have even been found in hills of Lasius fidiginosus.
"The Nabis-group belongs to the Familv Reduviidae [rather, superfamily Nepoideae G. W. K.] consisting of carnivorous insects, which are among the most terrible of predators in the insect world. It is then not to be doubted that these Myrmeco- phanous nymphs prey upon insects and especiallv upon ants. Masked by its wonderful 'myrmecophanism,' the Nabis-nymvih., a v/olf in sheep's clothing, steals up to the approaching ant who believes she is being met by a sister-ant, seizes her with the fore legs which are especiallv well equipped and adapted to catch and retain the prey, and with its awl-shaped and crooked pro- bo.scis bores into the body (17). At any rate we have here to do with aggressive mimicry."
(16). "All of the Nabis-nymphs known to me show, as indeed is common in the Hemiptera, the colour markings of their adults, usual- ly a purer or darker yellow or, as in brevipennis, a monochromatic dark brown, with a slight' copper tinge." [Although Breddin is quite mistaken about most of the nymphal Hemiptera being coloured like their adults, his remarks on this in Reduviolus are confirmed very largely by my own above on Hawaiian forms. G. W. K.].
(17). Breddin has mixed up the form of the labium in Reduviidae with that in Nabidae. It is also not the labium that bores. I do not believe that the Reduviolus preys on the ants. It rather takes advanrage of its likeness to ihe ants to irar.-.ue othoi- prey which the ants do not attack, and which therefore would not try to escape, till too late; or perhaps it is left alone by the ants on their marauding expeditions. This is however a subject for observation rather than guessing.
56
DISTRIBUTION OF HAWAIIAN Reduvwlus.*
|
SPECIES |
3 |
S3 si O |
"3 1 |
1 |
1 |
HABITAT |
||
|
T |
* |
|
* * ♦
• |
* |
* |
* |
grasses, etc., generally in dry |
|
|
? |
places, grasses, sedges, ferns, etc., gen- |
|||||||
|
3 4 |
kahavalu tarai |
erally in damp places. Soplwra chrysophylla. Cyathodes tameixvmeiae. |
||||||
|
5 |
(? dead fronds of tree ferns, etc.) |
|||||||
|
A |
, |
|||||||
|
7 |
koeleusis |
Acacui koa; Nani polymorpha |
||||||
|
R |
{2i) ; ferns. Pipturus aihidm. |
|||||||
|
0 |
xubrufus |
Nani polumorpha; dead fronds |
||||||
|
10 |
xharpiaiiu)' |
* |
of tree ferns. ? Nani polymurpha. |
|||||
|
11 |
vubritiiictus |
? |
||||||
|
V? |
Nani pDlumorpha : Acacia koa. |
|||||||
|
13 |
?lMCi0S(tS |
* |
||||||
|
14 |
silvicohi |
|||||||
|
15 |
\ |
|||||||
|
16 |
pele |
J |
||||||
|
17 |
/ |
|||||||
|
18 |
procellaTits |
( |
||||||
|
19 ',^0 |
volca7iicola |
|
\at roots of grass, ferns, etc, (22) |
|||||
|
■11 •?2 |
IMludicola lolupe |
|||||||
|
•m |
? |
|||||||
|
/ |
||||||||
|
B(?7) |
9(710) |
8(?S) |
& |
7(?J) |
8 |
far as is known.
(19a) naiio*es not included, as the island is not known.
(20) Also in Laysan Island; cosmopolitan, The other species, are preciuctive.
(21) Formerly known as Metrosideros polymorpha.
(22) These all ascend trees incidentally, when these are shrubby, and surrounded by ferns, &c., which intermingle with their lower branches.
57
Little else is known of the habits of Reduviolus and its allies. Scott has described a neotropical genus (18) of which the species live en famille with colonies of Spiders. R. capsiformis is found plentifully here in dry grass with the little introduced Spider Erigone vagans, but I have not observed any such habits as those related by Scott.
Very little is known of the parasites of Nabidae, in fact the only record of which I know is that, by Swezey, of R. capsi- formis by the Mymarid Polynema reduvioli, one to each tgg (i^j.
We see (22a) that three species each are apparently peculiar to Kauai, Oahu, Molokai and Hawaii ; and two to Maui, while none is peculiar to Lanai ; three are throughout the islands, one of the latter indeed being almost cosmopolitan,
REDUVIOLUS W. Kirby (1837).
All the Hawaiian forms fall at first under the typical sub- genus {except that some of them zvhich are undoubtedly sprung from one of the others, have annulated antennae), inasmuch as they are characterized by the head not being strongly narrowed behind the eyes, by the wing-hook originating from the "con- necting vein" close to the ''subtended vein," and by the uros- ternites lacking denuded patches and being well limited from the uropleurites (23).
For those forms which are apparently always brachypterous (almost apterous), and which lack ocelli or have them only very minute, the pronotum scarcely wider basally than medially, etc., T have proposed a mutation-name, Nesotyphlias. It is not strictly a genus, or even perhaps, a subgenus, in an exotic sense, but it is certainly not equivalent to the ordinary brachypterous forms of the genus in Europe and North America. The Hawaiian Fauna is very peculiar and must be treated in a special manner.
As there is not the sli.ghtest chance that any of the forest, endemic, forms will be found elsewhere, I have tried rather to
(18). 1881, Ent. Mo., Mag., XVII, 272.
(19). 190^, Bull. H. S. P. Ent., I, 235.
(22a). Bj^ the table on p. 56.
(23). Previously, I have used the terms "sternites," "pleurites," etc., in this connection, but the fact that, strictly, the parts of the sterna, nota and pleura are sternites, tergites and pleurites, res])ective- ly though not usually so termed, renders it advisable to prefix Pack- ard's "uro", when abdominal parts are to be indicated. "6th uro- sternite" is evidently less cumbersome than 'Bth ventral segment of the abdomen.'
58
give the characters by which the different species seem to differ from one another, than to describe them at great length and dis- tinguish them from exotic forms. In some, I might almost say, most, of the forms, I have had very insufficient material, and there is still room for a good deal of work in collecting and studying both adults and nymphs.
TABLE OF HAWAIIAN SPECIES.
This table will, I believe, aid considerably in determining the species, but it is little use trying to work out these difficult forms from single examples, in many cases, especially females (^'*).
1(24). Tegmina well developed; membrane wide, reaching well beyond the apex of the abdomen; wings at least one-third of the length of the abdomen; ocelli normal.
2(7). Lateral margins of the pronotum only slightly sinuate, those of the hind lobe not suddenly diverging, hind margin not twice as wide as the collar
3(6). Scutellum with a median dark line down the middle; at least the hind femora apically dark.
4(5). Elongate, slender, pale testaceous, tegmina not lightly punc- tured, nor specked with fuscous; fore femora obsoiescently marked with yellowish-orown; veins of median areas of mem- brane usually simple; male hook witii dorsal margin (as seen in profile at rest) of the blade strongly rounded, ventral side
strongly rounded, ventral side slightly emarginate. . . _
1. capsiformis (Germar).
5(4). Less elongate and stouter, ashy-grey, tegmina lightly punc- tured or specked with fuscous; fore femora more strongTy marked with fuscous; vein of median area of membrane usually forked; male hook with the dorsal margin of the
blade fairly straight, the ventral strongly bidentate
2. blackburni (F. B. White)
6(3). Scutellum and legs immaculate [subg. Nesomachetcs] . . . . 3. kahavalu Kirkaldy.
7(2). Lateral margins of the pronotum distinctly sinuate, those of the hind lobe suddenly diverging; hind margin more than twice as wide as the collar.
8(9). T'egmina not or scarcely punctured, nor specked with fus- cous; veins of the median area of the membrane scarcely forked; pronotum with the hind lobe not raised strongly (as seen in profile) 4. tarai Klrkaldy.
9(8). Tegmina distinctly punctured or speckled with fuscous, es- pecially near the exterolateral angle of the corium; veins of the median area of the membrane sTiortly forked; hind lobe of pronotum distinctly raised. 10(5). First segment of antennae shorter than ine head. 11(14). Colours of corium not sharply contrasted; length not more than SVz mill.
(24). 13 neslotes is not included.
59
12(13). Hind lobe of pronotiim with 5 longitudinal lines; membrane normal _ 5. morai Kirkaldy.
13(12). Hind lobe of pronotum not clearly lined; veins of the me- dian area of the membrane more or less broken up, partly forming spots and drops 6. nubigenus KirTtaldy.
14(11). Corium basally clear yellow, apically bright reddish; length 4 mill 10. sharpianus Kirkaldy.
15(10). First segment of the antennae distinctly longer than the head.
16(21). First segment of the antennae not thickened.
17(18). Cinereous, very heavily marked with blackish-grey
8. truculentus Kirkaldy.
18(17). More or less tinged with reddish.
19(20). Slender, elongate, cinereous, tinged with red; hind margin of pronotum slightly emarginate. .7. koelensis (Blackburn).
20(19). Stouter, always distinctly ruddy; hind margin of pronotum truncate _ 9. subrufus (F. B. White).
21(16). First segment of the antennae very distinctly thickened.
22(23). Head normal(?) 11. rubritinctus (Blackburn).
23(22). Head anteriorly with a blunt spine on each side [subg. Milu]_ 12. kerasphoros (Kirkaldy).
24(1). Tegmina elongate, narrow, or else very short; clavus not separated; membrane short; wings halter-like; ocelli absent or very minute [subg. Nesotyphlias].
25(28). Antennae with a single annulus near the apex of the second segment.
26(27). Tegmina extending practically to the apex of the abdomen.
. 13. lusciosus
F. B. White; 14 silvicola Kirkaldy; 15 silvestris, sp. nov.; 16 pele, sp. nov.; 17 nubicola, sp. nov.; 18 procellaris Kirkaldy.
27(26). Tegmina extending to about three-fourths of the abdomen, 20. votcanicola Kirkaldy.
28(25). Second segment of antennae multiannulate.
29(30). Tegmina about three times as long as scutellum, apically angularly rotundate.
30(31). First segment of antennae pale, scarcely annulate, basal half fuscous; anterior lobe of pronotum gently rounded, not forming an angle with hind lobe 21. kaohlnani, sp. nov.
31(30). First segment of antennae multiannulate; posterior lobe of pronotum convex, in profile forming an angle with the hind lobe, , 22, paiua'icola KirkaFdy.
32(29). Tegmina a little more than twice as long as the scutellum, apically broadly rotundate 23. lolu::e Kirkaldy.
I. capsiformis (Germar).
Nahis capsiformis (Germar 1837) Renter 1908 Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg"., XV, 114 (with exotic synonymy).
N. innotatus F. B. White, 1877, A. M. N. H. (4) XX. 112.
Rednviolus blackburni Kirkaldy, 1902, Faun. Haw., II. 155 (part) ; Swezey, 1905, Bull. H. S. P. A., Ent. I, 234, PI. 17, f. 1-4.
6o
Pale greyish or yellowish-testaceous, with two or three small spots along or near the apical margin of the corium. Tlie dark markings on the head, pronotum, legs and underside are very variable in hue and extent, but are nearly always comparatively slight. The forms living in dry, lower localities, near the coast, are very light coloured, with more elongate, flimsy tegmina, but those occurring at higher and wetter elevations are darker, and the tegmina are shorter and stouter; these last approach koelensis somewhat, but the latter is at once dis- tinguished by the much broader hind lobe of the pronotum, and the species is arboreal. The dark forms of capsiformis also approach the light forms of blackburni, but the male hooks are very different. (PI. I, f. 1).
R. capsiformis is practically cosmopolitan and is apparently distributed over all these islands at all elevations I have also seen specimens from Laysan. Superficially it is not unlike the immigrant Mirid Oronomiris hawaiiensis and is found in the same situations, viz : grasses, sugar-cane, etc.
2. blackburni (White).
Nabis blackburni F. B. White. 1878, A. M. N. H., (5), I, 373. Reduviolus id. Kirkaldy, 1902, op. cit. 155 (pt.).
This species, as above remarked, is very much like dark capsi- formis, but is darker, ashy-grey, and while in capsiformis the urotergitcs are pale, (perhaps a little fuscous in part), in black- burni they are blackish with red or yellowish pletirites. Some, specimens from Hawaii, Lanai and Maui, at higher elevations. are redder and much darker and have a superficially very dif- ferent habitus, but I can find no specific differences.
At the higher elevations, are found forms with much shorter tegmina (f. 17 representing the tegmen of a female I found at Kilauea, Hawaii ; the membrane of the longer form of tegmen is shown at f. 16). This form tends to bridge over the dis- tance towards lusciosus. In all, the male hook is very character- istic (f. 2). The wing is shown at f. 11 ; that of the short- winged form is not very different, beyond the shortness.
R. blackburni is distributed over all these islands at all eleva- tions, more commonly perhaps, at 2000 ft. and over; I do not know it from any other country, but I am not convinced that it is endemic. It is to be found in grasses, sugar-cane, stag-horn fern, etc., and may be beaten from low Ohias and other trees, but I think that it is in the trees only accidentally.
The nymph, when living, is dark purplish-brown above, more or less variegated; scutellum yellow behind. Beneath pale yellow, abdo- men apically more or less fuscate. Femora annulate near the apex. Pleurites spotted with reddish.
6i
3. kahavalu Kirkaldy.
Rednviolus innofatus Kirkaldy, 1902, Faun. Haw. Ill, 154, PI. 5, f. 32, (not Blackburn).
R. kahavalu Kirkaldy, 1907, P. H. E. S., i, 156, (new name),
Male, female. Very pale greenish (turning yellowish after death), practically immaculate, the urotergites more or less fuscous. An- tennae testaceous, sometimes light fuscous. Tegmina translucent, slightly tinged with greenish, opaiescent, merabranay veins ashy. Eyea medium-sized, not occupying the whole of the head in profile. Second and third segments of the antennae subequal in length, twice the length of the head in profile, and about one-half longer than the first segment, 4th. slightly longer than the first. Fore femora subequal in length to the head, pronotum and scutellum together. The veins of the median area of the membrane are not forked, (f. 14). The wing- hook arises from the connecting vein, almost at its junction with the subtended vein. Pronotum with the lateral margins almost straight, scarcely divergent, the hind lobe not, or scarcely, elevated', (figs. 5 and 8). The characteristic male hook is shown in fig. 3.
Length, 9%-10% mill.
Hab: Hawaii. Kcna, 2000-6000 ft. ( July- Aug. ) ; Kilauea (Aug.), on Mamani (Sophora chrysophylla, one of the Legumi- nosae).
This species seems to be restricted to Hawaii, the record in the "Fauna Hawaiiensis" from Waianae, Oahu, being referable to R. capsiformis. The only examples of R. kahavalu that I have seen are those collected by Dr. Perkins, and referred to above.
4. tarai Kirkaldy.
Rednviolus tarai Kirkaldy, 1902, Faun. Haw., HI, 154, PI. V, 40, (male hook).
R. kaonohiula Kirkaldy, 1908, Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, 1, 192.
Male, female, purplish-brown, more or less suffused with sangui- neous, especially on the legs and tegmina. Antennae testaceous, more or less tinged with fuscous or sanguineous. Scutellum bluish-black, bright red laterally. Lateral margins of tegmina narrowly yellowish. Meso- and metapleura bright red, marked with black. Membrane colourless or milky, veins pale ashy. Fore femora reddish, middle and hind femora yellowish, apically reddish, the tibiae and tarsi yel- low, etc. Abdomen above fuscous more or less discally, pleurites yel- lowish or sanguineous; abdomen beneath yellowish. The eyes are larger than in R. kahavalu, breaking the dorsal line in profile. Head about as long as the first segment of the antennae or very slightly longer and very slightly shorter than the fourth segment; second and third segments subequal, each about three-fifths longer than the first. Pronotum witli "lateral margins of hind lo5F somewhat divergent, and
62
a little raised. Fore femora slightly more incrassate than in R. kahavalu. Membranal venation much as in the latter, but the medial veins are more parallel. Length, 8i^-10 mill.
Hab. Oahu, Waialua, Koolau range (March) ; Molokai, 3000 ft. (June) ; Lanai, 2000 ft. (Feb.) ; Hawaii, Kona, 5000 ft. (June), collected in these places by Dr. Perkins. I have also taken it on Hawaii, Kilauea (Nov. and May), on Pukeawe (Cyathodes tamciameiae, one of the Epacridaceae), in company with the Asiracid Nesosydnc cyathodis Kirkaldy.
There were some mistakes in my original description, which can be corrected by reference to the above.
This species and the next hold a sort of intermediate position between R. blackburni and the subrufus series ; the base of the pronotum is more than twice as wide as the collar but is not noticeably raised. R. tarai is easily recognized by its immaculate red or reddish tegmina; the antennae and legs are not annulate or at most very indistinctly. The veins of the median area of the membrane are simple. All the examples I have collected are very red, most of them fading considerably later on, but Dr. Perkins tells me that the pale forms are met with. The type of kaonohiula is very bright red, the membrane being opaque milky.
The type was a specimen from Lanai, the type of kaonohiula being from Plawaii.
The male hook was figured in the "Fauna Hawaiiensis."
The nymph in the last instar is rather pretty when alive, being clear pale green, marked with rosy, and harmonizes well with the colouring of its host-plant.
var. nwntivaga Kirkaldy.
Reduviolus montivagus Kirkaldy, 1908, P. Haw. E. S., I., 192.
This differs from the typical form by the immaculate yellow pleura, etc. It was collected in the Waimea Mts., Kauai. It may be a good species, but I have not seen males.
5. morai Kirkaldy.
Reduviolus morai Kirkaldy, 1902, Faun. Haw., HI, 155, PI. 5, f. 39 (not 39a).
This species was sufficiently accurately defined in 1902, except that the last three lines should be deleted, as the annulations of the legs are rather obscure. It is, with the next, readily recog- nizable by its stouter form and short first segment of the anten- nae, and by the closely spotted tegmina, but is distinguishable
63
from nubi genus by the longer pronotum and by the different venation of the membrane.
It is apparently restricted to the Mountains of Kauai.
6. nubigenus Kirkaldy.
Reduviolns nubigenus Kirkaldy, 1908, P. Haw. E. S., I, 191.
All of the R. moral recorded in the "Fauna Hawaiiensis" from localities other than Kauai, belong to this, though "Oahu" re- quires confirmation, as I have no specimens from this island now to examine. I suppose that f. 39a refers to this species, but I have no males now before me. PI. I, f. 15, shows the characteristic membranal venation.
7. koclcnsis (Blackburn).
Nabis koelcnsis Blackburn, 1888, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2), III, 352.
In the "Fauna Hawaiiensis," I considered this to be a syno- nym of R. subrufits, but it seems to be constantly slenderer, and scarcely, if at all, tinged with red, and the male hook seems a little more rounded dorsally. This and the following long- winged forms are easily distinguished by the lateral margins of the hind lobe of the pronotum being considerably divergent posteriorly, the hind margin being distinctly more than twice as long as the collar (fig. 6) ; the first segment of the antennae is distinctly longer than the head (except R. sharpianus) .
I have, since 1902, seen only some specimens taken by myself in Oahu, from Koa {Acacia koa) in Nuuanu Valley (about 1000 ft.) and from Ohia lehua (Nani [Metrosideros] polymorpha, one of the Myrtaceae) on Tantalus (about 1750 ft.). Blackburn's type was from Lanai, Koele.
8. truculentus Kirkaldy.
Reduviolus truculentus Kirkaldy, 1908. Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, I, 191.
R. sxibrufus Kirkaldy, 1902, Faun. Haw., II, PI. V, f. 38.
This species (whose membrane is shown on f. 13) can easily be distinguished from R. koelensis by its greater bulk and much heavier markings; the pattern and colouring will separate it at once from R. subrufus. It seems to be restricted to Oahu, on the Honolulu Mts., and is found on Mamake (Pipturus albidus, one of the Urticaceae).
64
The living nymph of the final instar is of a very pale greenish of the same tint as the underside of the Pipturus-leaves, but after death, the greenish tint changes into pale yellowish. The apical lobe of the head, the legs, etc., are whitish translucent; antennae, clypeus, etc., tinged with orange. On the fore and middle femora there is a pale fuscous-red subapical annulus and a similar bright red one on fhe hind pair. The lateral margins of the hind lobe of the head and the hind margin (medially interrupted) of the pronotum, a short line exteriorly and one interiorly, on the tegminal pads, greenish-grey. Abdomen above with an irregular dark fuscous stripe down the mid- dle, a bright red spot on most of the segments in the middle.
9. subrufus (White).
Nahis subnifus F. B. White, 1877, A. M. N. H., (4) XX, 112.
N. oscillans Blackburn, 1888, Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. W., (2) HI, 352.
Reduviolus subrufus Kirkaldy, 1902, Faun. Haw., Ill, 156, PI. 5, f. 37.
R. arrogans Kirkaldy. 1908, P. Haw. E. S. I.
Eliminating triKttlentus and koclcnsis, my remarks in the "Fauna Hawaiiensis" still hold. The emargination of the hind margin of the pronotum is a variable character, as I have taken specimens off the same tree, some with truncate margin and some with emarginate ; the amount of infuscation and the mem- branal venation also vary. Arrogans is, now I think, simply a darker form with simpler venation. I separate, however, as a variety (melemele), a rather polished, yellow form from Maui, (Haleakala), which seems to have all the specific characters of subrufus, but of which I have seen only females.
R. subrufus is distributed all over Oahu, Molokai, Maui and Hawaii (and probably Lanai), in the forest region, and fre- quents Ohia lehua (Nani polymorpha).
The type of subrufus was from Oahu, that of oscillans from Hawaii (Kilauea), and that of arrogans from the Molokai Mts., but I have taken an identical specimen of the latter with typical ones in Hawaii (Kilauea).
1 have figured the male hook (f. 4).
10. sharpiamm Kirkaldy.
Reduviolus sharpianus Kirkaldy, 1902, Faun. Haw., HI, 156, PI. 5. f. 36.
I have not seen a male of this species, which 's resf 'cted to Kauai. The coloring and short antennae will distinguish it among the subrufus-series.
65
11. rubritinctus (Blackburn).
Nobis rubritinctus Blackburn. 1888, op. cit., 351.
This species is still unknown to me, as I do not think Black- burn would have overlooked the head-spines. It may be that it forms, by the possession of thickened antennae, a link between the typical subrufus-forms and the subgenus Milu.
12. keraspJwros (Kirkaldy).
Redtivioliis nibritinctus Kirkaldy, 1902, Faun. Haw., Ill, 157,
PI- 5^ f- 33-
Milu kcrasphoron Kirkaldy, 1907, Canad. Ent., XXXIX, 248.
M. kerasphoros Kirkaldy. 1908, P. Haw. E. S. I.. 195.
This species seems to be restricted to Oahu, but is found all over its forest region, on Ohia lehua {Nani polymorpha) and Koa {Acacia koa). The form with red and yellow tegmina. sharply contrasted, is typical: for that with purplish tegmina, I have proposed the varietal name purpurea (P. Haw. E. S. L).
I erected for this, the genus Milu, but I now agree with Renter that it is not worthy of more than subgeneric rank. (Reuter, 1908, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, 109).
The nymphs display the thickened antennae, though less (and more regularly) so, but the head-spines are not apparent.
13. ncsiotes sp. nov.
This has the general appearance of a short-winged blackburni, but the female abdomen is more like that of subrufus. It is larger and darker than blackburni.
Sordid brownish testaceous, a black line from clypeus to posterior angle of scutellum, etc. Tegmina yellowish-brown, irregularly suffus- ed with fuscous, membrane much as in blackburni (short-winged form). Abdomen pitchy black; tergo-p'leurites obscurely spotted with yellow-brown. In brachypterous blackburni the wing-veuation is near- ly the same as that of the normal form, except that it is shortened, but in nesiotes, the wing-venation is much reduced, (PI. I, f. 12).
Length, ^Vz mill.
Hab. Hawaiian Isles (? locality).
I have only fragments of a single female, and have described it only because it appears to me not to be conspecific with any other form ; and to be worthy of record on account of the wing reduction.
14. lusciosiis (White).
Nobis? lusciosm F. B. White, 1877, A. M. N. H., (4), XX, 112.
66
N. lasciosus Letheirry and Severin. 1896, Cat. Hem.. III. 210. Reduviolus lusciosus Kirkaldy, 1902, Faim. Haw., H, 157, PI. V, f. 35; Renter, 1908. Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, 124. R. monticola, Kirkaldy, 1908, P. H. E. S., I, 192.
Male, elongate oval, pale brownish yellow, a percurrent line from base of vertex to posterior angle of scutellum, dark fuscous; this latter is double on the middle lobe of the pronotum, and there is a varyingly pronounced fuscous oblique line on each side of the pos- terior lobe, meeting this double line at the base of the middle lobe. The tegmina are variable, usually they are almost immaculate, but may be darker, or even a little reddish tinged, and marked with fus- cous; they are lightly and sparsely punctured with fuscous, but more closely along the subcostal cell. Membrane pale cinereous, veins a little darker. The antennae are yellowish, as regards the first two segments, a blackish annulus near the ap.ex of the second; the others dark fuscous. The legs are yellowish, the base of the hind femora, a few faint mottlings on all the femora, apex of tibiae, etc., fuscous. Urotergites fuscotestaceous, the pygophor yellow, a spot on the apex and a line down the middle near the apex, blackish; the pleurites are yellowish, not chequered, but have a sanguineous line down the mid- dle. Sternites and mesotemum yellowish, the lateral margins broadly dark fuscous or blackish. The first and fourth segments of the antennae are subequal, each also subequal to the length of the head in profile; the second and third segments of the antennae are subequal, and each about one-half longer than the first. The labium extends to the middle coxae. The eyes do not occupy the whole of the head, either dorsally or ventrally in profile. Pronotum very slightly elevated, (fig. 7). Tegmina elongate, slightly rounded exter- iorly, apical angle of corium extending as far as the apex of the abdomen, acute; membrane extending well beyond the abdomen, nor- row, much longer than wide, the basal angle formed by the two membranes in repose, acuminate, (fig. 18). Blade of hook broad, semi- circular, angulate apically and dorso-basally.
Female very similar to the male, but the abdomen is wider, expos- ing the pleurites about the middle; the pleurites yellow, with a fus- cous spot on the outer half of each segment basally, this spot not extending to the inner margin.
Length: Male, 10 mill.; female, 10 1/^ mill.
Hab. Oahu, all over the Koolau range, or at least the south- ern part. I have also seen an example from West Maui, that I cannot separate. It may often be beaten from Acacia koa and Nani polymorpha, as also from various Ferns, but it seems to be really a ground species, like all its subcongeners, and is common in the grass on the top of Mt. Tantalus, at 2000 ft.
15. silvicola Kirkaldy.
Reduviolus silvicola Kirkaldy, 1908, P. Haw. E. S. I. This is doubtfully valid, only a single female being known, but it is more elongate, and darker than lusciosus, and the pro-
(57
notum seems proportionately longer, especially the middle lobe. Length, lo^ mill. Hab. Molo\ai.
1 6. stives fr is Kirkaldy.
Rcdmnolus silvcstris Kirkaldy, op. cit., 194.
Closely allied to lusciosus, but differs as follows: Darker, and tlie legs more mottled. Eyes a little larger, breaking the dorsal line of the head in profile; the second segment of the antennae is only a third longer than the first. The tegmina are much shorter, not quite reaching to the apex of the abdomen. I'n the female (the only sex I have seen), the spot on the tergopleurites extends across from the outer to the inner margin.
Length, 8i^ mill.
Hab. Kauai, 4000 ft.
17. pele, sp. nov
The male has the form and genoral colouring of l-.jsciosus, but is much smaller, and the fore lobe of the pronotum is a little more con- vex. The tegmina are less elongate, scarcely extending beyond the apex of the abdomen. The eyes are also distinctly larger in pro- portion, while the hook is different.
The female is much darker than the corresponding sex of lusciosus and the fore lobe of the pi'onotum is more convex.
Length, 71^ '(male)-8i^ (female).
Hab. Hawaii, Kona, (2000 ft.). Olaa, (Perkins) ; Kauma- na in Hilo, (2000 ft, Swezey) ; Kilauea, 4000 ft., Kirkaldy, off Cihot'mm.
18. nnhicola, sp. nov.
Of this I have not seen a male; the female differs from lusciosus by the lateral margins of the pronotum being more divergent behind, and the fore lobe more convex. The membrane is shorter and more divergent interoapically, lateral margins straight or slightly emargin- ate. The basal segment of the antennae has faint fuscous annula- tion''.
Length, S mill.
Hab. Mani, Haleakala, (5000 ft., Perkins). 19. procellaris, sp. nov.
Male yellowish-brown, the central line dark blackish-brown, thick, the hind lobe with 5 longitudinal lines. Gula and genae blackish. Tegmina yellow-brown, blotched and spotted (especially inwardly) with blackish-brown, posterior margin of corium very irregularly sinuate. Legs more darkly spotted than in lusciosus, etc., coxae most- ly black. Abdomen dark fuscous, or blackisTi, ventrally paler down the middle; pleurites yellow-brown, marked with black.
Length, male, 91^ mill.
Hab. Molokai, 4500 ft.
68
2(1. volcanicola Kirkaidy.
Reduviolus volcanicola Kirkaidy, 1908, P. Haw. E. S., I, 193. R. lusciosus Kirkaidy, 1902, Faun. Haw., HI, PI. V, figs. 34 and 34a.
Hab. Hawaii, Kilaiiea.
21. kaohinani, sp. nov
Male distinguished from paludicola by the gently-rounded anterior lobe of the pronolum and from lolupe by the longer tegmina. It is distinguished from both by the much slenderer form. I'egmina fus- cous, a pale streak on the basal three-fourths of the costal margin; veins more or less pale. The first segment of the antennae is scarcely annulate.
Length, 81/2 mill.
Hab. Oahu, Tantalus, abotit 2000 ft., a single specimen, tak- en by Mr. Swezey, is in my collection.
22. paludicola, sp. nov.
Distinguished from the other species (except lolupe) by the multi- annulate first segment of the antennae, and the very short tegmina. Anterior lobe of pronotum convexly raised (f. 10), confusedly fuscous, hind lobe with 5 fuscous longitudinal lines. Clavus yellowish-cinere- ous; corium pale reddish-fuscous; the minute membrane whitish, with a fuscous, inner spot. Hind tibiae annulate. Abdomen blackish, more or less reddish partly; pleurites chequered, blackish red and yellow.
Length: Male, 10 mill; female, a little less.
Hab. Molokai, 4000 ft., (July 12 and Sept. 27).
23. lolupe, sp. nov.
Female very close to the last, but larger and the legs less darkly mottled, while the tegmina (and membrane) are shorter. Brownish- yellowish; eyes black; a broad lateral piceous stripe beneath from apex of head to apex of abdomen, leaving, however, a pale space around the eyes beneath. Legs less noticeably annulate with paler fuscous. Abdomen above brownish tinged with red, tergopleurites brownish- yellow, partly suffused with sanguineous.
Length, 10% mill, max. width, 3i/4 mill.
Hab. "Kauai ? Molokai ?'^
A rough outline is shown on fig. 9.
24. curtipennis (Blackburn).
Nobis ( ?) curt\pennis Blackburn, 1888, 'P. Linn. S. N. S., Wales, (2), nr, 353.
"Apterus; oblongo — ovatus; pallide testaceus fusco vel nigro varie-
gatiif^; abdoniine supra (segmentis apicalibus fuscis exceptis) rufo,
Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc. II
^
W 1^
KirlsaWy— Hawaiian Nabidae.
69
infra fiisco nifo et testaceo variegato; hemelytris abdominis apicem liaud attingentibus.
Length, TY2 mm.
"Allied to N. (?) luscioaus, White. The thorax is thickly blotched with blackish colouring, and the legs are conspicuously annulated with the same colour. The hemelytra [tegmina] do not quite reach the apex of the hind body.
"A single specimen occurred near Waimea, Hawaii."
This species is scarcely identifiable without the type for in- spection,
NEW FORMS DESCRIBED IN THIS PAPER.
Reduviohis nesiotcs, sp. nov. R. subrufus, var. melcincle, nov. R, pele, sp. nov. R. nubicola, sp. nov. R. procellaris, sp. nov. R. kaohinani, sp. nov. R. paludicola, sp. nov. R. JoliipC, sp. nov.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Fig. I. Reduviolus capsiformis (Germar), male hook.
Fig. 2. R. blackburni (White), id.
Fig. 3. R. kahavalu (Kirkaldy), id.
Fig. 4. R. subrufus (White), id.
Fig. 5. R. kahavalu (Kirkaldy), pronotum.
Fig. 6. R. koelensis (Blackburn), id.
Fig. 7. R. lusciosus (White) male, id.
• Fig. 8. R. kahavalu (Kirkaldy), in profile.
Fig. 9. R. lolupe (Kirkaldy).
Fig. 10. R. paludicola (Kirkaldy), pronotum in profile.
Fig. II. R. blackburni (White), wing of macropterous form.
Fig. 12. R. nesiotcs (Kirkaldy), wing.
Fig. 13. R. truculcnhis (Kirkaldy), membrane.
Fig. 14. R. kahavalu (Kirkaldy), id.
Fig. 15. R. nubigenus (Kirkaldy), id.
Fig. 16. R. blackburni (White), id. (of macropterous formj.
Fig. 17. The same, tegmen of brachypterous form.
Fig. 18. R. lusciosus, membrane.
70
Note on a genus of Californian Tetigoniidae (Hemiptera).
BY G. \V. KIRKALDY.
In 1902 (Can. Ent., XXXIV, 19), Ball placed his new genus Pagaronia near Errhomenellus and Tetigonia, and remarks, "this is a very puzzling form and seems in several characters to con- nect the Tettigonidae with the Jassidae through some of the lower forms in that group," (p. 21). In my opinion, the genus belongs to the lassini (cf. Kirkaldy, 1907, Bull. H. S. P. Ent., Ill, p. 72))^ antl should be placed not very far from lassiis Fabncius, the structure of the head, the venation, and the genitalia being sufEciently characteristic. It is to be noted that the lassini are apparently not "low" forms, but are rather to be placed at the end of the Tetigoniidae (Jassoidea of Van Duzee), and con- sidered as the best-developed forms.
A single male of P. lypunctata Ball was collected in Califor- nia, Santa Barbara foothills, (June, 1907), by Mr. W. M. Gif- fard, which may be called var. octopunctata nov., differing from the typical form by the absence of the facial spots near the ocelli, and of the pronotal spots ; the male plates are three times as long as the apical urosternites.
The roundly emarginate lateral margins of the pronotum near the eyes give this form a very Fulgoroid appearance, not at all unlike that of some Achilini.
In the same locality, Mr. Giffard found also Paropulopa intcr- nipta Ball, a small Cicadoid.
JANUARY 7th, 1909.
The forty-seventh regular meeting of the Society was held in the usual place.
NOTES AND EXHIBITION OF SPECIMENS.
Mr. W. M. Giffard exhibited a single male specimen of Ody- nerus vulcanus taken by him on Tantalus, Oahu, at 1500 feet elevation. Dr. Perkins who had examined the specimen informed Mr. Giffard that it was absolutely typical with the same species which is not uncommon on the Island of Hawaii. As O. vulcanus is not ordinarily taken on any other island than Hawaii the speci- men taken by Mr. Giffard must be considered as having been either accidentally introduced or blown over from the adjacent isle.
Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, II, No. 2, Sept., 1909.
71
Mr. Kuhns exhibited a specimen of Periplancta australasiac which he chloroformed in the act of oothecaposition showing the case partly extruded.
Mr. Giffard asked whether the beetle-roach {Eleutheroda dytis- coides) which infested cypress trees was viviparous or not. Mr. Swezey thought it was.
Mr. Wilder reported finding the uncommon roach, Rhyparobia maderae, in a store on Maui. Mr. Swezey had taken three speci- mens sometime ago, one in Pahala, Hawaii, one in Kekaha, Ka- uai, and one in Honolulu.
Mr. Fullaway reported finding the eggs of Holochlora veiiosa in the stems of mangoes. Mr. Giffard said the insect was quite common in Nuuanu, having been collected by Mr. Jordan and himself. He believed the eggs to be heavily parasitized.
Mr. Swezey exhibited a portion of a Polistcs nest, collected amongst the glue bushes of Kaimuki. near Diamond Head. In this nest, inserted amongst the papery substance of the nest were two eggs of Elimaca appcndiculata, a large green locustid which normally deposits its eggs in leaves of plants, inserting them at the edge between the upper and lower layers of the leaf.
Mr. Fullaway exhibited five species of Bruchids which he had bred from various kinds of beans. He also exhibited a specimen of Coccinella ahdominalis, the rarity of which he thought likely to be due to its being parasitized.
Mr. Kirkaldy exhibited three drawers of Hemiptera, as part of a large collection made incidentally by Mr. Muir in the Malay Archipelago while searching for parasites.
FEBRUARY 4th, 1909.
The forty-eighth regular meeting of the Society was held in the usual place.
NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS.
Mr. Kotinsky exhibited specimens and presented the follow- ing note on Eleutheroda dytiscoides. "Sunday, December 20, 1908, I observed a specimen of this roach with a strange white appendix projecting behind, running about the house, where the insect is a common nuisance. Upon capturing the specimen she parted with the appendix, which upon examination, turned out to be a batch of embryos. An attempt to breed some of these failed." This observation is proof of the species being viviparous-
72
Mr. Kolinsky expressed the need of a Field Naturalists' Club. He stated that there are many youths in the city who make excursions to tKe mountains and that 'f they had proper guidance and instructors to accompany them good results would be obtain- ed. The subject was discussed by those present.
PAPER READ.
Takahashia japonica ( ?) Ckll., a Coccid, new to Hawaii.
BY JACOB KOTINSKY.
My friend, Mr. J. Kidwell, has a very prolific pepper tree in his yard. Some time ago he brought me larvae and pupae of Lycaena collected on the plant. Recently he found a large col- ony of the above Coccid on the same bush, and brought me speci- mens for identification. They were thickly scattered over leaves and twigs, many young just hatching and setting down for busi- ness. Careful inspection of the premises failed to disclose an- other host, nor could Mr, Kidwell suggest a clue to the possible origin of the insect in his yard. After saving material for the collection I had the balance burned, and hope now the possible pest is exterminated.
Prof. Cockerelll characterizes this genus as follows : "Similar to ordinary Pulvinaria in general structure, but forming a very long, firm, cottony ovisac, which projects from the twig in a curve about 17 mm. long and carrying on its end the shriveled body of .the female." All of these characters I find correct in the specimens under consideration except the projection from the twig in a curve. Specifically there is also some difference from japonica as described by Prof, Cockerell, but not enough, I think, from what little study I have been able to give the speci- mens, to justify creation of a new species. There is for instance no indication of a double jointed tarsus. Joint 3 of the anten- nae is but slightly longer than 4, so that the formula is altered somewhat. Outer angle of anal plates is rather sharp and not rounded.
T. japonica is recorded from Japan on mulberry. Pepper is therefore a new food plant. It is also a. new record for the Ter- ritory, But in the last respect there are several more to come.
(1). Bull. 4, Tech. Ser., Div. Ent, U. S. D. A., p. 47, 1896. Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, II, No. 2, Sept., 1909.
73
MARCH 4th, 1909. The forty-ninth regular meeting was held in the usual place.
NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS.
Mr. Fullaway exhibited specimens of a new Coccid species, Ccroputo amhigua, found on the salt marsh grass, Salicornia anibigtta, in the salt marsh regions of California, and offered some notes on its life-history. The species is small (about 3 m^m.) and covered with a white waxy secretion. There are three larval stages before the mature female appears. The mature males, which are wingless, develop through the so-called pupal stage from individuals having the characteristics of the second larvae. There is one generation annually. The species, although exceedingly abundant in spite of predaceous and parasitic ene- mies, is without economic importance, the salt marsh grass — its only known host plant — not being fit for consumption.
Mr. Kirkaldy exhibited a new Mirideous Heteropteron from Borneo, and two boxes of Homoptera & Cimicidae (Pentato- midae) from New Zealand.
Mr. Swezey exhibited specimens illustrating his paper on "Another Banana Leaf-roller."
Mr. Kotinsky exhibited a huge scorpion (Palanuiaeus sp.) a pair of which were brought alive from South Java by Mr. Terry and which he was obliged to kill in order to prevent their possible escape. The incident emphatically demonstrates the usefulness of an inspection service. Mr. Terry called attention to the absence in the Board of Agriculture laws or regulations preventing the importation of pests of this character.
Mr. Kotinsky told of a mealy bug that he had been collecting on the roots of Koa and other plants on Tantalus ever since 1905. From its apparent confinement to higher elevations, he was inclined to believe it to be endemic, especially since it was undoubtedly a new species to science. A few days ago, Mr. Fullaway brought specimens of a mealy bug collected on the roots of a pot-grown mango tree in the city in which he recog- nized his interesting Tantalus Coccid. Closer study with Mr. Fullaway showed it to be an undescribed Ripcrsiclla. Shortly it is contemplated to publish a description jointly by Messrs. Fullaway and Kotinsky,
74
PAPER READ. Another Banana Leaf=roller [Lep.].
BY OTTO H. SVVEZEY.
Omiodes maia n. sp.
Male, female, 28-30mm.; head, thorax and abdomen dark fuscous much mixed with ferruginous scales, especially on the abdomen; api- cal margins of abdominal segments ochreous; antennae fuscous above, pale beneath, basal joint fuscous; palpi fuscous, whitish below with a slight ferruginous tinge anteriorly; femora and tibiae fuscous large- ly suffused with ferruginous; tarsi ochreous. Forewings dark fuscous suffused with ferruginous on costa, and less densely so near termen, a few ferruginous scales scattered in some other parts of wing; a whitish ochreous dash in middle near base; first line ochreous, angu- lated outwardly (nearly at right angles) at middle, upper portion in- distinct, lower portion very distinct; rou-ndish black orbicular; two blackish discal spots transversely placed (mostly contiguous) fol- lowed by a few ochreous scales; second line ochreous, sinuate out- wardly beneath costa. below middle forming an acute triangular pro- jection outwards; both lines often ferruginous mixed; veins marked with ochreous or ferruginous ochreous; cilia fuscous, darker at base. Hind wings medium fuscous, a darker discal spot and terminal dark fuscous line; a paler postmedian line with acute projection outwardly below middle, a few pale ferruginous scales in its dorsal part, a few also just before terminal dark fuscous line, which is usually inter- rupted by pale ferruginous scales on the veins; cilia as in fore wings.
Very similar to O. musicola, bttt the latter is paler ftiscous. and has ochreous suffusions and markings where maia is fer- ruginous.
I bred a series of moths on three different occasions, from caterpillars found on bananas growing in two different gulches at the head of Manoa Valley: Jan. 23, March 10* and May 2*, 1909, respectively. In one of the gulches, I found the caterpil- lars quite numerous.
Full-grown caterpillars are just like those of musicola. Some have darker markings than others : markings of head quite black, and wider black margins to cervical shield, the 'longitudinal bh?ck bar joining it in front and behind, which gives the cervical shield a very blackish appearance. Caterpillars just hatched have heads entirely black; those one-third grown have most of the tubercles black.
Pupa similar to musicola.
* These observations were made after paper was presented to So- ciety.
Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, II, No. 2, Sept., 1909.
75
This makes four species of Omiodcs now known to feed on banana : blackbiirni on all the islands, meyricki on Hawaii, musi- cola on Maui, maia on Oahu. They are closely related, all hav- ing similar pattern on wings and no doubt have evolved from a common ancestor. In a previous article I have mentioned dif- ferences in color and degree of angulation of first line of fore- wings. I have measured this angle in several specimens of each species with the following results: In hlackhnrni it is 52°, in meyricki 56°, in musicola 85°, and in maia 80°.
APRIL 1st, 1909.
The fiftieth meeting of the Society was held in the usual place.
On account of his removal to accept a position in the Bureau of Entomology at Washington, D. C, Mr. D. L. Van Dine tend- ered his resignation as Vice-President. It was accepted, and Mr. F. W. Terry was elected to fill the office vacated.
NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS.
Mr. Terry presented notes on the Insects of Hong Kong and exhibited specimens.
PAPER READ. A Conspectus of the Fulgoridae of tfie Hawaiian Hemiptera.
BY G. W. KIRKALDY.
The Fulgoridae are all apparently endemic, and belong to two genera, lolania and Oliarus, both belonging to the tribe of Cixiini.
Three longitudinal keels on the mesonotum; costal margin of teg- mina strongly granulate . iolania
Five longitudinal keels on the mesonotum; co^ial margin of teg- mina not (or obscurely) granulate ^, Oliarus
lolania Kirkaldy.
1902, Faun. Haw., Ill, 118, PI. 5, f. 3.
A reexamination of this genus presents only one species, per- kinsi; the ground colour of the male tegmina is much yellower than in the other sex. I separate ofif, as a variety (iiotata), the form with a large brown blotch at the base of the tegmina of the male.
Proc. Haw. Ent. See, II, No. 2, Sept., 1909.
76
O liar us Stal.
So far as concerns the structure of the legs, the Hawaiian forms all belong to the typical subgenus, but I separate them off under the name NcsoUaru\s, on account of the great plasticity of those characters which are of specific value in the exotic forms, and on account of the sexual dimorphism, which is more or less apparent — mostly considerably so — in the pattern and colouring of the tegmina. As it would not be possible to include these Hawaiian forms in a general table of species, owmg to the above-mentioned plasticity, it is convenient to group them under a special subgeneric name (type tamehaineha).
In the europaean fauna, the male genitalia have been exten- sively used in the differentiation of species. T have, however, not been able to do this with the Hawaiian species. The form of the parts is not very evident without dissection, and T have not had sufficient material except in a few species. Moreover, the form of the genital stvles (the "claspers" of Scott), appears to be much the same in all, being not very dissimilar to those of Cixuis sti^maficus when viewed from below (ci. Ent. Mo. Mag.. VTI, fig. I, P. 2q3"), except that the stalks are straighter. With more material, I mav be able in the future to investigate further.
The venation. wHich in the Australian and Fiiian species I found so characteristic, is highly variable in the Hawaiian forms. The place of forking of the radial and brachial veins, and the place of union of the two claval veins, which characters seem to be of specific value in exotic forms, are inconstant and of no value here.
The tabular form under which T noM' proceed to describe the Hawaiian forms is. T think, sufficient for the present— till T can obtain more material in certain of them — to differentiate them apart from one another; at the same time, it is, in most cases probably, not sufficient to distinofuisb them from the specie'; of other countries. As, however, the endemic forms here are not at all likely to occur elsewhere, this will be of little account.
The Hawaiian species are usuallv found among Ferns, Sad- leria. Cihotium. Glcichema, etc. Swezey (1) has described the nvmphs of O. kaouohi (2). which he found in "decaying leaf- bases and fibrous matter of tree-fern trunks."
fl). 1907, P. Haw. E. S., T, 83.
(2). I identified this for Mr. Swezey as my koanoa, but the species seem to be different.
77
The following- is a preliminary arrangement of the Hawaiian
forms :(3).
1(2). Tegmina shorr~and broad, costal margin thickened and arched at the base; apical and margin of wings fuliginous. LANAI; HAWAII, (Kona). F. H. 120 and 122, PI. 4, f. 6... 4. hevaheva Kirkaldy.
2(1). Tegmina not specially thickened, nor arched at the base;
more elongate, at least in the larger species. 3(8). Expanse of tegmina more than Yiy^ mill. 4(5). Mesonotum brownish testaceous; tegmina immaculate (male), somewhat maculate (female); wings apically not
fuliginous. KAUAI, F. H., 120, PI. 4, f . 4
1. tamehameha Kirkaldy.
5(4). Mesonotum black; wings apically fuliginous. G(7). Tegmina hyaline, immaculate (male), a narrow median transverse stripe, often faint, (female). OAHU, (Tantalus); MOLOKAI, 4000 ft, (a fragment); MAUI, (Haleakala) ; HA- WAII, (Kilauea and Olaa). F. H., 120 and 121, PI. 4, f. 5..
, _ 2. kanakanus Kirkaldy.
7(6). Clavus, inner 2-5 of corium, and apical 1/3 of tegmina, suf- fused with fuliginous. Otherwise as in kanakanus. MO- LOKAI, (4000 ft.) 3. kahavalu, 3p. nov.
8(3). Expense of tegmina less than 17% mill. 9(36). Males.
10(29). Tegmina immaculate, except the veins.
11(14). Tegmina, with at least one-third suffused with fuliginous or yellowish-fuliginous.
12(13). Basal and apical thirds of the tegmina fuliginous, middle third hyaline. [Rarely the tegimna are partly hyaline api- cally, cf. F. H., PI. 4, f. 8.] OAHU, (Koolau and Waianae ranges) ; MOL0K3.I, (4000 ft.) ; HAWAII, (Olaa and Kohala Mountains) 5. tarai Kirkaldy.
13(12). Tegmina entirely dark fuliginous (sometimes a very little dilute). MOLOKAI, (4000 ft.); MAUL (Haleakala, 5000 ft). F. H., 123, PI. 4, f. 9 6. moral Kirkaldy.
14(11). Tegmina only dark (if at all) on veins, though sometimes partly tinged with yellowish.
15(18). Mesonotum pale castaneous; veins on basal two-thirds of tegmina pale.
13(17). Veins on basal % minutely, but distinctly granulated witn brown. Differs from koanoa by the longer and narrower teg- mina and pale mesonotum. Length, 6 mill. OAHU, (Koo- lau ranges, all over); HAWAII, (Kilauea, on tree-ferns; ferns; and Freycinetia) 7. kaonohi, sp. nov.
17(16). Veins on basal % not, or very obsolete, granulated; other- wise like kaonohi. HAWAII, (Naalehu, on fern, O. H. S.) 8. filicicola, sp. nov.
18(15). Mesonotum black. [In some examples, the keels are dark castaneous].
19(24). Veins on basal %, black, or largely so.
20(23). Veins partly pale.
21(22). Tegmina shorter and broader. Length, 6 mill. OAHU, (Ko- nahuanui, O. H. S.) . 9. proceliaris, sp. nov.
(3). "F. H."=Fauna Hawaiiensis, III. TTie "length" is taken from apex of vertex to apex of closed tegmina.
78
22(21). Tegmina elongate. Length, SVs mill. KAUAI, (2000-3000 ft.) 10. pluvialis, sp. nov.
23(20). Veins black, or at least the median brachial, and apical
ones). Length, 7 mill. KAUAI, (Halemanu, 4000 ft.)
II. nubigenus, sp. nov.
24(19). Veins on basal % pale, sometimes with dark granules.
25(28). Costal margins of tegmina more parallel.
26(27). Exterior keels of mesonotum subparallel with the interior
pair. Length, 5 mill. OAHU, rKonahuanui, O. H. S.) . .
12. silvicola, sp. nov.
27(26). Exterior keels of mesonotum straight, angulate basally. Length, 6-7 mill. HAWAII, (Kilauea and Olaa) ; MAUI, (Lahaina coast) 13. montivagus, sp. nov.
28(25). Costal margins of tegmina well rounded. Length, 7 mill. OAHU, (Kawailoa gulch); MOLOKAI, (400014500 ft); HA- WAII, )Hualalai, 5000 ft., Olaa, Kilauea). F. H., 120 and 124, PI. 4, f. 11 14. koanoa Kirkaldy.
29(10). Tegmina maculate.
30(33). Vertex truncate apically.
31(32). Mesonotal keels castaneous; tegmina scarcely more than twice longer than wiSe, hyaline, veins on basal % pale, graniiTes pale brown, tegmina sparingly spotted with pale brown. Length, 5 mill. OAHU, (Kaala, 3500 ft., on Acacia koa) 15. acaciae, sp. nov.
32(31). Mesonotal keels black. Tegminal veins almost entirely black! clavus with 3 black spots, rest of tegmen spotted with yellow fuliginous. Length, 9 mill. MAUI, (Haleakala, 5000 ft.) 16. haleakalae, sp. nov.
33(30). Vertex rounded or subangular apically.
34(35). Costal margins pale brown; tegminal veins particolored on basal half; tegmina scarcely more than twice as long as broad, on" basal half; tegmina scarcely more than twice as long as broad. Length, 6 mill. MAUI. (Haleakala, 5000 ft.) 17. monticola, sp. nov.
35(34). Tegmina about 21/2 times as long as broad; costal margins black and white alternately (also radial, etc.) Length 8 mill. OAHU, (Tantalus) 18. kaohinani, sp. nov.
36(9). Females.
37(42). Tegmina more or less fuliginous, or at least strongly yel- lowTsh; not speckled.
38(441. Mesonotum at least dark castaneous, generally blackish.
39(40). Tegmina dark fuliginous, except a small part of the costal area 6- mora! Kirkaldy.
41(38). Mesonotum pale 'castaneous; tegmina varying from yellow- ish to dark fuliginous
13. montivagus, sp. nov., and 7. kaonohi, sp. nov.*
42(37). Tegmina not fuliginous, or only spottedly so.
43(50). Tegmina immaculate.
44(47). Length not less than 7 mill.
45(46) Veins on basal % of tegmtha pale brown, granules dark. KAUAI, (4000 ft.) 19. silvestris, sp. nov.
* At Kilauea (of Hawaii) there is a similarly coloured form, 7% mill, long; vertex shorter and broader, of which I do not know the male. It may be called var. volcanicola nov. (of kaonohi).
79
46(45). Veins on basal % alternately dark and pale; HAWAII, (Ki- laiiea) * 20. pele, sp. nov.
47(44). Length not more than 6 mill.
48(49). Cross veins on tegmina near the apex not suffused
14. koanoa Kirkaldy.
49(48). Cross veins suffused. KAUAI, (2000-3000 ft. and Maka- weli, 2000 ft.) 21. kauaiensis, sp. bov.
50(43). Tegmina macuTale.
51(52). Length less than QVz mill. Vertex truncate apically, broad and short. HAWAII, (Kilauea), F. H., 120 and 122, PI. 4, f. 7. 22. puna Kirkaldy.
52(51). Length more than 7 mill.
53(56). Ai)ical third of tegmina not spotted.
54(55). Tegminal veins particoloured. MOLOKAI, (4000 ft.); KA- UAI, (Halemanu, 4000 ft.); HAW AH, (Kona, 4000 ft.)
20. pele, var?
55(54). Tegmfhal veins black.
56(53). Apical thFrd of tegmina more or less spotted, or at least some of the apical veins strongly suffused.
57(58).
(a). Face black, lateral margins narrowly casfaneOus, a pale wedge at the base of the clypeus laterally; vertex scarcely extending beyond the eyes, broad, fateral margins converging towards the apex which is slightly rounded; about twice as broad at base as at apex, and about % longer than wide at base. Tegmina hyaline, heavily spotted, at least 4 black spots on the costal area; veins on the basal % of tegmen particiloured. Sterna, abdomen, femora, etc., mostly dark piceous or black- rsh. Length, lO^^ mill. MOLOKAI 23. paludicola, sp. nov.
(b). Face as in the last, but the pale area large vertex narrower, nearly twice as long as broad. Tegmina yellowish hyaline, veins black, except the radial which is partly white; apical third spotted. Underside, legs, etc., dull piceous. Length, 8^4 mm. HAWAII, (Hilo, 2000 ft.).. 24, nemoricola, sp. nov. (c). Face as in the last: vertex short and broad, much as in paludi- cola. Tegmina hyaline, tinged with yellow, sirgBtly spotted, veins particoloured. Legs brownish-yellow. KAUAI, (4000
ft.). F. H., 120 and 124, PI. 4, t. 10 25. orcno Kirkaldy.
[var. tnolokaiensis has tegmina not yellowish more heav- ily spotted; face blacldsh. MOLOKAL]
[var. oahuensis is like molokaiensis, but the tegmina are obliquely banded, the pale area on the face larger than in the type. OAHU, Koolau range].
(d). Vertex narrow, longer, slightly wider basally than apically. Tegmina not strongly spotted, sometimes scarcely so apical- ly, with yellowish fuliginous transverse stripes (sometimes little apparent). Legs yellowish 8. kaohinani, sp. nov.
* Perhaps also from OAHU, (Waianae, 3000 ft.)) MAUI, (Kipahulu, O. H. S.. and Haleakala, 5000 ft).
8o
I have to thank Mr. W. M. Giffard for the generous gift of his collections, and Messrs. O. H. Svvezey and F. W. Terry for allowing me the loan of their specimens for examination. The foundation of this paper has been the balance of the collections made by Dr. Perkins for the "Sandwich Islands Committee."
The following new forms have been described in this paper :
lolania perkinsi var. notata.
Oliarus kahavalu, kaonohi, Micicola, procellaris, pluvialis, nubigenus, silvicola, montivagus, acaciae, haleakalae, monticola, kaohinani, silveStris, pele, kauaiensis, paludicola> nemoricola, spp., and kaonohi var. volcanicola; and orono var. molokaicnsis and oahuensis.
On a new Derbid Homopteron from New Zealand and Notes on other Hemiptera.
BY G. W. KIRKALDY.
The genus Cenchrea was described by Westwood, as a sub genus