PROPERTIES OF THE GUGLER PRIMARY BATTERY'
BY A. A. PERRINE
ARMOUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 1912
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A. A. Perrine. Experimental determination of the properties of the
AK EXRERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE PROPERTIES
OF THE "GUGLER PRIMARY BATTERY"
PRESENTED BY ARTHUR A.R.PERRINE TO THE PRESIDENT AND FACULTY OP ARMOUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FOR THE DEGREE OP ELECTRICAL ENGINEER.
MAY 1912.
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TABLE OP COHTEHTS.
Page,
Bibliography 1.
Calibration of InstruiTjents 2.
Introduction 10.
History of Primary Battery 15.
Tbeory of the Yoltaic Element 20.
Desoription of the Cell 28.
?reights of Materials 35. Part I Discharging at a
Constant Hate 40. Part II Discharging Cell at an
Intermittant Rate 55. Part III Discharging Cell at an
Intermittant Rate 65. Part IV Test of a Copper Sulphate
Cell 75. Part Y Siimrcation and Discussion
of Results 63.
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3IBIIQGIL\FHY.
"Electricity "ind Magnetism", "by
T. Gary :^oster and Alfred ". '^orter, "Electrical and Ii^agnetic Oalcilations" ,
■by Atl{:inson. The "Toltaic Cell',' "by "^ark ''^enjanin. "".alvanio Batteries'; by S. ?.. ■^otlone. "Priiiary batteries',' "by r. Ti. G coper. "Electric Batteries'; oy A. ITar-det. ."'onrnal of Prunklin In^jtitnte:
"A HeTV Primary Battsry for lar^e Gi^rrents", ■by Carl Herring, riov. 1909.
(1)
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CAri3RATICT OP TITSTSUT.^EI^ITS.
(2)
Calibration of Instrtoients.
The instruments used to measure the current and voltage for these tests were Teston Yolt-meter Model 45 #6093 and Weston Milli-volt meter IJodel 45 #5792 with one and ten ampere shunts.
It was deemed advisable to calibrate the instruments used by comparing them with a standard instrument known to be correct on account of the tendency of electrical instruments to read incorrect- ly after a time by reason of their construction or due to mechanical injury.
Each instrument was calibrated both before and after the test and an average value taken from the calibration curves in Tiiace of the observed readings, These average values were used in plotting curves and making calcxxlations. The original data as read directly from the instrument was not recorded.
The calibr ttion curves using the average values Ibllov.: .
(3)
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arid- moil iTB3fBt' axflsv B-gexBrB as bns (taeJ eriif isi^la .e-^ntbizat aevresdo srft "io soislcf at b&vrsro aot^BiallBO
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Calibration of Yolt "^eter fS093.
^eston Standard
Volt meter fO-5) #5060.
.1
.22
.3015
.43
.492
.564
.668
.825
.838
.988 1.091 1.182 1.368 1.545 1.626 1.635 1.779
2.193 2.2
2.288 -.3
2.382 2.39
2.453 ■ 2.46
Tenpsrat^-re of Standard instrurrent 26.7? C.
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|
Yolt f 0- |
rr 51 |
leter f609 .1 .22 .2025 .43 .51 .578 .69 .834 .89 .998 |
3 |
|
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.2 |
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|
.368 |
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|
.545 |
|||
|
.65 |
|||
|
.7 |
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|
.8 |
Calibrition of '"sstcn T'llli-'^^jlt meter.
,5^5792 vith one ampere shijiit.
laboratory 3"':andird-yilli- Im.'.istsr *57^j£
Yolt meter 1^243 nnd 1.5 ampere 3hunt f4977.
.1 .1
.2 .2
.3 .SOI
.4 .402
.5 .503
.6 .603
.7 • .-705
.8 .804
.9 .902
.996 1.000
Te2r:pera'*:iire of Standard instriir;,ent 24,5° G.
(5)
Caiit»ratlon of Wgstcn ^"illi-Volt -^star ,f579S with 10 amjsre shiint.
Labocratory otandar^ I'llli- Ammster *57<)2,
Yo''t !--!eter *242 and 15 amr^era ainmt *4977.
1. 1.
S. 1.99
3. 2. 99
4. 3.99
5. 4.999
6. 5.909
7. 6.99 3. 7.GB 9. 8.9 6
10. 9.92
Temperati^re of Standard Instmraent 24.5° C.
(6)
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Pri:i:ary elgctrio 'batteries have ha' -i very bad repiitation for supT-lying any "but small onrrents. This is very imf ortrmate , as the prii^ary battery in its proper place is an extrerriely TiseXul and c^-"- vsnient generator of electricity. Th3 primary "bat- tery -.vas V7611 knovm "before the advent cf the dynamo, h"t the latt = r has made such v/onderful <^tride3 that its rred 5ces;jor, the primary battery, was greatly neglected.
The principal reasons, v/hy the primar:; battery has had s'-'ch a bad repi:tation, seem to be, because so many batteries 'vere brought out which '^ere falces and mere impositions on the public; and that a jreat many inventors and promoters have ne^lQcted ••md tried to obscirre the important question of "^he cost of the materials '.vhich are consumed in their battery, leav- ing the uses t'^ f-'nd this nut f'-^r themselves; and thirdly the mechanical construction of pri;.:ary bat- teries, to deliver large currents has generally been very bad, they -vers irrationally proporti r^ns-"' , h'^.rd to handle, v^ere very difficult to keep clean, and the process of filling and emptying 'vas tedious and - sloppy.
In principle, the primary battery is a mjore efficient converter of chemical energy into elec- trical energy than the steam or gaa engine driven
(11)
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dynarao. This grg-it »\dVHntaj;c In mora thnn oo'^ntsr- balanced b;/ Ihs fict •*. hnt 'he fns'I or.^'.mfld by ths prl.-rary balterlgs is ranch riora exr^n^^'ivQ ■" han thit U9a3 in stenn ijnslnes. Yst, T7?h''l« thli l3 trrio for the prodiiotlon of largs ovnntitieg of eleotrionl energy, it l3 ilso trre thnjL for th-j y^rod^iction of small sr o-^anti tiss o"? electric.".! energy the rri'^iry battery h.i? o'aite an advonta^'? in re.j.ird to economy of ;JO.'.t ovar " n'S In'^Jia.lla.ti on of "in ^njlne an-i dynaTio pl3nt.
It l3 the pri.Tiary p-'.rpoae of this Investigation to hrin.^ o'jt the :noj e irportant points in the- be- havior of the 'Tviglsr "rir!jary 'battery. To t>ii'3 end fo-.iT cell's v?er9 teste'', three ]rota3'3i''3r" chlorate 'cell-^: '-J^<3 one "hl-JS 3"*: one" eel?.. In ord^^r to
have the oon^itiona of ''.he test a'"> near ay r'oa'-'jihle to those vvA'ST -Thlch the hatterie'd m^tSit operate in practice; thg elsotroiyt^ 'van ^-Tepared '7i th '^rdinnry tap ^ater an-i th": cells nsrs rlHoed 1n •• r-^>r) of ?7hloh the temperat^ire ^ov.ld h<=. abo^'t normal. Althou2:h the average ts"'T'er.at'':r« 'vas a lit* le lo'v, it 'va'? a^'^vt as good 33 00^ Id be aec- rsJ vrlthont artificial heat and this "tis-s not deemed sxr'edicnt.
The oelln aiibTnltte'-* for the teat '7er9 -^f ten- porary conatr^iction, 'r. w^j.-ler havinj certain chan^ea in deaign of par", s t- corrplete before the
(IS)
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C6ll3 ijvill bg placQci on the narket. These aremlnor det-iilg and consist irerely ol' a porons oi-ip .vit^ an arr.i- likar groo'veid bottom to red^'^oe *h€ q'j-mtity of raercnry and a suitable cell cover.
The (Jugler cell has not been marlceted f'^r '^l-nal service although cells of this type have been on con- tinnoiis discharge at ''"he "^estern V^nion Telegraph Co., for more than tn'enty months on one charge, '"he cell shows possibilities of larrre cost advantages over the "Bine Stone" and "Ca^-''"^ic '^oda" tj^-^es of cells commonly use-? on signal service.
Before assembling the cells each part or elerent was carefully weirhed and recorded. The weijhts of each cell "/I'll be found under '"'ei'^hts of Component Parts of Cells". 'fter assembling the cells, each cell was labeled and will hereafter be referred to as ITo. 1, -lo. 2, 'To. 3, and ISIo. 4. At the recomrreAdation of -.^r. Cugler. cell ITo . 1 was discharged through a constant resistance starting at approxinatsly tv;enty- fivs amperes by adjusting resistance to secure this ■ after cell had been in operation two hours. Cells Sos. 2 and 3 were discharged through a oonstan* resistance on separate circuits once every two minutes for a period of ten seconds 3*"arting at ap^^roxi' ately 2,S airperes which is the noma] current consumption of
(13)
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a semaphore. Gel" Ho. 4 V7a3 the comrcon copper sulphate or gravity cell. This cell was rrerely tested to sec-re c^T.parative data. T'h'H -ii^chirje being through a perrjanent resistance, and it a current rate of approximately ,5 amyere at the start. Sach test will he explained In detail ^ith the accompanying data and cv.rves independently of the other tests.
ri4)
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HISTORY OF THE PRIMARY BATTERY.
(15)
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' In the year 1767 Stilzer prepargrj an address which was re'^d befor': tv*^ 'c-ademy of ^->n«>^-('6 >*- Berlin, in \-.hich he anncnncei the discovery th-t '.vhen two pieces of metal , one of lead and the other of sll-vsr are placed together upon the tongtie in such a manner that tiieir edges are in contact a peculiar taste is perceive'". The importance of Sulzer's ohservatlon was not appreciated until G "ilvani had T.ade his important discovery that fresh- ly prepared frogs' 16 2:3 when susioended by a copper wire above an iron railing, twitched convulsively whenever a portion of ths leg touched the iron; and Tolta had demonstrated that t>. Is phenomenon " ..3 not due to the presence of animal tissue but d'-e to the metals themselves, (living rise to Yolta's contact theory of electrical excitation which ascribes 'vhat is now known as the "difference of .potential" exhibited by two metals due to a simple contact and not depending upon the medium in which they are im.rierged.
During the same year that Oalvani's famous work appeared; Oabroni described experiments which he had mads -vith metals that he had plunged into water and said he was satisfied that a chemical action had taken place and that it was the slow combustion and
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oxidation of *he metal which ^ave tiss to tyie new stimulijs.
Ths fact that the difference of potentials, res-.lting from a single pair of metals dipring into an aqueous liquidi. can he thus m-altiplied by arrang- ing in order a number of stich pairs connected together, was discovered by "^clta in 1800. t,^ riT'i r t- produce the effect in a "'arked degree, he arianesd a number of alternate layers of sine and cor->^sr; each pair of metals being separated froK the next by a cloth sor.lced with acidvl-ited '7ater. "^hs above arrangement "^olta called his "electro-rjaotiv.e apparatus", but is more familiarly known as Yolta's l^ile.
A pile of this kind when eoir^posed of t'venty or more of these pairs of plates produces an appreciable physiological effect '.vhen the terminals of the pile are placed uron ths tongue.
This pile lead to the developemsnt of Volta's "cro-on of cups" which was the first real voltaic bat- tery or device which would produce a continuoxis flow of electricity. This device consisted of a series of glasses or cups placed in a circle; plates of copper and sine were connected and arranged so *hat a plate of Bine v;as place-, in one cup and a plate of copper in ths next.
(17)
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The oldest battery of eommerclal i-nportance , which does not have a derolarizer is t?i6 SM'je, devel- oped in 1840. This cell han a positive plate of zinc and a negative plate of thin silver, corrugated and covered with platinum. The purpose of this roughened surface Y/as to facilitate the dislodgement of the hyd- rogen which is released at this plate. The exciting liquid used in this cell ^7as sulphuric acid.
Amalga;Tiation of the sine was introduced hy Sturgeon in 1830. Tht two-fluid type o-f -.-rl :ary cell with porous cup to separate the fluids was ii-.v-snted "by Baniell in 1B56. Criove, in the same year, intro- duced the use of nitric acid as an el ectro-?iegative fluid more po'<verful than the copper sulphate of th-i Daniell's cell, '^rove used a platinum negative plate to withstand the action of the nitric acid, aid in 1942 Biinsen suhstituted carhon for this expensive metal. Poggendorf in the same year devised a 3l''igle- fluid cell in which a solution of potassium 'bicromatQ mixed with sulphuric acid was user! as a depolarizer Instead of the nitric acid of Orove , therehy avoiding ths obnoxious fumes without material sacrifice to po"-er.
Most of the batteries -vhich have been developed since the Daniell cell ais i odificati^ns of it li gome
(18)
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form, either of Its eler.ents, its liquids or the dspolarlser used.
In the ][:'rl'nary battery designed and oonstruoted by. Tfr. O-iigler during the past year, a cylindrical electrode of carbon is used for the positive elercnt 3iirro-!inded by annular carbon filling most of the space in the jar outside of the carbon element and a cylindrical sheet of zinc placed in the porous cup. T?;o rounds of mercnry are vse' i'r ■'•''-Ti 3 in'^er cur ^ r- make contact -.vith "^he negative electrode. The elec- trolyte used for both the outer and inner solutions •Tvas sulphuric acid,. PotassiT^m chlorate 77as add 3d to the outer solution for the depolarizer.
(19)
TH303Y CF "'^^^ ':'OITAIC ^"""""■^^^ITS .
(20)
'^her- conri.ercial zinc ij ai-.-ed into '311i;ted sr.lphnrlc s-cid it is dissolved forming zinc snlphite and liTDer-iting hydrogen. During the time that the zinc Is heini? dissolvecl Gonsldernhle energy is lih- erated in the form of heat.
If ohenically pure zinc is dipped into diluted sulphuric aoid very little action takes place and the small quantity of liberated hydrogen remains attached to the zinc plate protecting it from furtlier action of ■^he ^.cid.
If no".' a plate of pure copper is dip-C'^ into the solution vdth the plate of pure sine vithout touching, no aprarent action ensues, hut if 'vires of copper or other material are attached one t" each plate, the-' are found to differ in potential. If the '.vires are no'v connected to the alternate term.- inals of a quadrant electrometer a deflection -^ pro- duced indicating a difference of potential of ap:.rcx- imately one volt, the potential of the wire connected to the copper rlnte "being the greater.
Results ^i iiilar to the fihove woulo he obtained if almost any two metals are r.sed in place of the copper and zinc in the above experiment , and ordinary water which contains a small qv.antity of sotre salt in solution. The only difference in the result roi'ld he in the magnitude of the potential observed.
(21)
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If now t':e wires are oon-eat'si a vigorous action ensues, the zinc belnj dissolye'J art's hydro.cren Is now rapidly liberate'^ from the coryer plate,
Olansii's advaxicacl, for an explanation of the action -.vithin the electrolyte of a cell; the Idsa that the ions of any molecule are not always linlcec to one another hut th-,-' a continual intercharge of partners, as it wsrt, takes place between like atoirs of different nolecules. Thns, in a solution of so- dium chloride, the sodium and chlorine of any raole- ciile do not long remain attached to each other, the sodium changes place 'vith the sodium of ^^ second ino'Iecule and the chlorine ma^^ change place -dth the free chlorine of a third molec^ile. This interchange is continually going on at random as long as no outside directive force is applied. yJach atorn while in the free s^'-^.ts, between s^cces^ive pairings, car- ries a positive or negative charge of elec'ricity .
If we assume with Heraholts that each metal for electrode) has a specific attraction for electricity, and therefore for the ionic charge"?. -* "r^'-.J^ be assumed that 7,lnc attracts a positive charge less forcibly and a negative charge more forcibly than copper does, conseouently when plates of copper and zinc are iro'nersed in sulphuric acid, there is an attraction of the negative 3O4 towards the zinc.
(22)
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As this interoh'^ng-e of ions takes- place they will be drawn to one or +"he other of the attracting- rlate^, where they will be deposited, ^Ivlnj np their respective ch-ir^es cf electricity. This action con- tinues until it is arrested by -^he rp---"' ^ion of the respective charges accrmnjlated on the plates. Only infinite slmal chemical action now takes place imtil electrical connection is made between the zinc and coprer plates. 'Tsgative electricity then flows toward the copper plate and ^inites with the positive charge of the hyifogen atoTus wh-'ch moves toward the copper plate to neet the negative c^irrent. Thns the hydrogen gas is liberated at the coprer plate. A stream of hydrogen atoms will move steadily in the s^me direction, probably by sncces:;ivg rnolecnlar interchanges and dsliver their charges of electricity to the copper plate. This action will contln^ie even after the externa] circuit is broken, until the separated electrical charges v/hich qnickly accumulate check the movements of the disengaged atoms by repulsion of like charges, and all chemical activity ceases. This ccnd1ti-)i-i -f electrostatic e:iixilibriua is the condition ofi open ciicuit. T;ie two electrodes will then bs found to be oppositely charged md will exhibit a difference of potential.
(251
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The ohe.'nicHl action which takes place in a eel] on open cirorlt. tending to reci'ice its avail- able potential energy, or ^oin? on "AiPi- ^'^-^ r. ■?>-.>,- 1 ■f; is closed and '.vhlch does not contribute tovvard the prcdnction of vsefrl current, is callefl local action. This action is al'.vays present v/hen corr^ercial ::inc is used, and is due to iinpurities of -i 'jonduotinj nature; as soon as these particles are exposed to the electrolyte, a local oircvit is forrced v/lth the zinc , causing the zinc to be eaten a-.vay in small pits-
To prevent this wasteful action, the surface of the zinc is ainalgamate'l •vi th rerc-'ir;/. This is "^)'^'-:t accoiEplished by dipping' the zinc into diluted sv.i- phuric acii to remove dirt or Q-rease and then wash- ing with niercury.
This arralgron seenc t-^ i^-r---- ^^ +;-;-^g si^rface -^-^re zinc leaving dislodged iKpurities behind. Thes^ inipurities are gradually drop'-ed to the bottom of the cell, thereby preventing the wasteful acti-^r^ ^f local currents. This arcalgum of zinc with r.'isrcury does not entirely prevent local action but it re- duces it to a very small value as compared to the value the local action would have if mercury ^as not used.
(24)
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PCLARIZATIO!! A::D ^"^'"IARI.'IATIOH.
(25)
"^hen a siinplQ elecient, consls'tins for Qxar'];rl9 of sine ar.d coprsr In dilntea sulph^iric •aci'i, -Is alloweri to s-nerate a oiirrent, liyarosan is evolved at the copper plate. A snail amount of this hyd- TO^en adher-s to the siirfnce of the plate raving rise to an electror.r-livs force which opposes that of the cell. Consequently, the ?.. IJ. ?. of the cell diminishes a:-? soTn as a current is gensr-ited. This decrease of potential of ihe cell increases with an increase of current flowing. In addition to a reduction of the E. '':':. ?. of the cell d^^e to the dscoicpo^iition of the •electrolyte, *:he formation of hydrogen is also oh jeotionahle in that it forms in a layer on the surface of the cathode, therehy greatjy incrensing the internal resistance of the cell. This formation of hydrogen upon the surface of the cathode is called polarization.
T:\s reaoval of this free hydrogen from the sur- face of the cathode hy any ireans is called depolar- ization, and the removing agent, the depolarizer. It may he removed mechinically hy agitating the electrolyte or oy temporarily removing the cathode from the electrolyte when the cell is not in nse. The chemical method is the most common method of de- polarization usee, unci consists in -^Ticln^ sore sub- stance a+ or near the surface of the 'j-^xhode /ith Y;hich the free hydrogen may unite, the energy which
(26)
is Ii"h9rat6i3 by this formation nay "be "^^daer! t? */!ie E. ■'.'■. F. of t";6 cell.
Batteries :ra:/ ^r r.- ■ ^^^ ^- p."! -■-- '^- <=.-r. rivr-.i-iit
"batteries and closs'^ circuit batteries d£;sndln3 ■upon the extent to which polarisation Is prevented. A c"!'-se'=! ^r^.irc^ -^'t battery is '^r\e "fhich is capable of worliinj on a closed clrcr'it hiivi.-... :. odor-ite vO-ue of resistance for a considerable period of time, 'vith but a slight di'^nn-' t"* on- in the valtie of ''^^he current. The closed -•>—■+ >.- M^^-.r i .. ^v„to ^laarly differentiate! fron tliose cells that are Mdipted to give current only at short intervals of tl'^e, and .that o-v j-*"-!^^ f^^" o-pf^r circuit v/lthout 'vasteful
local acticii.
The cell under test is of the closed circuit type, : ^ "'hlch polarization is eliminated. "Oepolar- i?.ation is ace japii shed in t-.^ • --^■'^ ^^- ^^"^ ^^''^ of potassium chlorate according to the follo'vln;: chemical formtila.
S'^n 4 mo-'C, =- 3Zng04H- GH
XG 1 0 3 + OH = ^G l-f SH gO This rorraula would be varied slightly depend- i^j^ upon the •imo-'Tnt of acid in solution. If a:-. excess of Hg'BO^ is added an unstable compound of chlorine v/ould be formed and free chlorine or sorre
chlorine gas may be c'^^Q^ off*
': ^27)
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DESCHIPTIOU OP THE CELL
(28)
{es.
The oells tested "/ere rade ■':)y The Battery Gomrany of ^'il7ai:iVe9 , ^'isco>i"in oni fnin^,^ f-i^e "Oij^lsr "^ri ;:-iry 3atlery"
The oells were all of one type ^ni consisted In iDrlef of an enter containing jar of 'rlaaa for holdin;^ the electrolyte, depolarizer, cartoon cylinder, grannular carhon, syphoning tube and in- ner prous crp. This porons ovv contains the zinc element ";ith its tenrlnal: contn.ct 'h<3'r\'y "'^^^ he- tween the terminal and zinc hy means of mercury. The Clip is filled to one-half inch of the top with the sar^a electrolyte as v/as used in the outer con- taining Jar.
The different parts entering into each completed cell were as near a duplicate of each other as they conld he comT; ere tally made, ""le weights of the parts entering into the constrxxction of the cells is tab- ulated ZzT each cell under "'Jeights of Elements Composing Cells''
The glass containing jar was 8.5 inches in dia- meter and 11,87 5 inches high and made of material approximately .81 of an inch thick. The hottorn of the jar at one point is. formed into a small pocket so that all the electrolyte will drain do^vn into this
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little pock^it HS fli6 cell la drained. Ths total cap5.c1^:" •^ - '■"'H'^;- is 5?n.!^4 '-'■-■^>-''^ '-^ches u'^d
tbe volijajs pf a vertical section of tlie jar one inoh in tiaight is •. 50,7 emtio i?uche3.
TliS large oarb'-ni cylinder nsed^'via 9 .7:5 i^e'ii^s h.,3tg]a and had a diarDeter o± 6.25 Inche . ' .6 tliick- ness of tlje T^aterial fonnin? it was .875 inches. A small cylindrical projection from the top of cirb'-n of a diiameter '--^ ^ p-r.roxir.ataly 1.5 inche'^ •■'■^h a re,3i50«d diameter at ^its top formins a shoulder f:rms a-Gontaot lug. On this redrsced portion a metal cap is oast of an- 9"'<;' -ending alloy ^i'^- ' c:'-> f-^r""!" hinds the carhon .in cooling. Over ths i.ietal cap a gl'^^^ cap is plaoed which rests on the shoulder of the car- bon lug and is made tight 'vlth aoorrpon^d bet"/een the glass and carbon joint. The, gll'-i^y 'ja;' i^ l-irger internally than the met a], cap and this space- '-i;3i filled with a mineral oil which effectually prevents oamosisand 6leotrol;7S' "' ^':+'-""='^, •^"^'^ r..,^',^n^. .^i^.a >-c-fn]_ coi.fle. The .sla«-3 |Cap has an axial perforation with a ^rcond boss. On top 01 this c. up another glass cdp is ^"laced
j^-r-j •: o 'n'Tc-r-^-.l ,-^n}'-*-i -^-o ^"i! r^f in -T a CUT. T"' Tr>': ~"'^. f'lilj
glass oup and cap a sleeve connector witJi a thrsadea
stud on one end is passed .ind Is .drarvn down tight
by sormving in a threaded hole in the metal cap. The
(50)
ab-utting ?la3s cjps beln'' ^roiinrl no ^an'ki-^'^ "v.fpv- iai is required to n:ake an oil tijht joint. V 12 Inverted cap whloh now serves the p^irposa of a oti-> is filler! 'vlth oil and thns all contacts to the carbon element are sx'.b'nerred in oil .it!! are proof against corrosion.
After inserting a jlass tiihe .5 inch® in dia- meter and .11. inches long ir.-^r the pocket i^~ the ■bottom of the glass jar, nine inches of the aavity between the surface of the jar and the carbon elec- trode is filled v\th a grannular carbon ranging in size from that which will go through a screen hav- ing a mesh of ,S5 inch- square for the first seven inches and for the last tv;o inches a size that ^111 go through a screen having a .575 inch mesh.
The porors cup is of unglased earthenware abo\'t .186 inches thick and 4.186 inches in diameter and 10.75 inches high. It cor.taTns the zir.c slerent. mercury and terminal -.vire. Connection vith the cine electrode is made by means of a copper wire dipping into the mercury pool. This coprer terminal is made of I!o. 14 insulated copper v/ire encased in a glass tube and an outer casing of hard r-jibber tubing and terminates in an enlarged area .375 inches in diameter.
(31)
t £10 0' lie 8rrrr:f ■ 5? Hi
■ (-»■- r rt-»
- ■ ': ss&oat i, 9C ■ '■■''■ leJ-'iA
i-'ocq; Sri;?- grcof
-oe-.c -Toc' -c^£ i£i, 3i;j IC : r i3sw;rsd
. ' rt PT OS
r SV.CI
. 1 e i p
The zinc elen-ent of the r^elT 13 in the form of a cylinder "^.75 inches high and having si diameter of 3,5 inches and formed of material .1875 inches thick "by rolling fro-^i ;t flat plate leaving a clgft of approxlrately one half inch in thf^ atirface of "•'he cylinder.
The cell is set iip in the follo'vin,?: manner. After washing the ^lass ^ar, zinc and porosis ciap, to re.Tiov6 dirt or other impurities, the carbon cylin- der is placed in the glass containing jar. The glass tube for draining off the o'-ter solution is inserted in the pocket of the glass jar, then the remaining
space "bet-^een the carhon cylinder and the glass jar
an
is filled with gr-nnmilar carhon -''h-ch has^apyroximate
si^e of .25 inches, until an arproxiriate hejght of 7 inches is secure^l, then ahont 2 inches of coarse carbon having a size of aboiit .375 inches is added. One pound of potassitim chlorate I3 then placed on top of the granmilar carbon.
The poroi-s cup v^^as now placed in the cavit;- ' n- side of the carbon cylinder, and t-vo pounds of r.oro'-!- ry ";as poured into it. The zinc alectrode Tvlt'.i its terminal was then placed in the cup.
In order to make the test and conditions as near as possible to what they ^70uld be in praotica
(52)
f"? ■Of^*'s ef'T
T CS + C> ( '*r* » r p\ r->
jiornt eexfonf dVBI. Ls'c's.Q&&i'A io taaixol 6c££ terion : c.c,
♦"fill £ (TfOT:! Tot ^rf
batTesftr £;i . ■ T ■"-ecTirt
pro
• VBff nod-sfiio
-rt ' ' r.9oaIq; wort tjsw >q eilT
: . - . ^ ' ■ • 1 e *
oeiq,: r ■
ordinary tap v/ater v/as used in rr.aJdnj the electro- lyte. To 1 Tcncvn quantity of v/ater was ad'=igd chemically pi:rs s-ulph-nric acid havin."- a apecific gravity of 1.84 until a d-nsity of 15*^' ^a^jiDs' or 1.116 specific gravity at a temperature of 70° Fahrenheit is secured. A portion of this electro- lyte is then poiired into the porous cup until about «5 inches from the top and the weight of this inner solution is determined hy subtracting that left in the containing Jar from the original, v/eight . Ad- ditional electrolyte is then pc^;red into the cavity around the carhon element, until it is ' •. ahout .5 inches from the *-op of the edge of glass. The welghrt of th'^s o-'^ter 3o"'^'tion is determined as he- fore. The ^-yeight of the electrolyte used In each cell '.vas thus determined.
The cells v/ere allowed to stand on open circuit for ten hours ''bef ore commencing tests in order to allo"? them to reach a norn^al val^e. The voltage cf the cell on open oircuit at a temperat'^re of 70° Farenheit or 21.1° Centigrade should he about two volts. The voltage of the cells immediately afi^er assembling vas .16 volts and after standing 10 hours the value of the S. T'. ?. was 1.82 to 1.^3? volts.
(33)
re- sffoni 5.
. WT 1> O 4, .1. J - ,^ J- *> ^ . 1. I- . . ..
Fe
( c;.-. )
The reason that the voltage airl not reach i hlrrher value was ^ro'hr.yn-: partly due to the fact that the temperatr.re v;a:5 rather low.
The cell may he recharged hy syphoning the old sol-ution off and addlAg a new solution having a denaj- ty two degrees higherthan the original solution in order to corcpensate for the water left in the recepta- cle from the previous solution. The syphoning appa- ratus consists of two lengths of riihher tuhin.o; con- nected by a ruhher bulh, one of -^he free ends of the apparatus is to he placed in the liquid to he syphoned and the ether end in the recept'-io"^ -3 ''^^l-r. ir/hich the liquid is to 02 transferee!. The receptacle being be- low the top of the electrolyte the flow can be started by compressing the bu.lb, closing the opening below the bulb ar.l allowing the bulb to expand, and the liquid to be forced over into the bvlb. ITow whjsn the tube la released the electrolyte will continue to flow until all the liquid Is transferred or air enter'3 the upper end of the tube destroying the vacuum.
(24)
■i?£f ■ ' ib egfitMov erfct terfl noeeei erfT
f biO Bdi ' vO Sill'
c - . , ^ „ J. - ;^ ',. I w ^^ ^
"" .V U ^ »^ v' " ' Jo ^ ■ w i 1 ■ - '
-CQ . iS BriT .nox;tv li elo
c;r-' ■• "
sr't "cx Jbrra f
_e.,-r ■ ...
bQtt:^ '
filjrrnri erit Ilfi
rrti n h- v
(i^o
WEIGHTS OP MATERIALS
(35)
"T '.f.'^
r-'vvoT'xr
Weights of Oomponent Parts of Cell Number One,
Glass j»r.
Zinc,
Porous cup,#53S,
Carbori terminal,
Gass ayphoninf tube,
Grannular carbon. Mercury,
Potassium chlorate. Contact rod to zinc terminal Outer solution. Solution in porous cup.
6,798 Lbs, 4.05875 •♦ 1.773 " 6.383 "
.0743 "
: 5.58S " 2. " 1. "
.219 " 6.355 " 3.647 *•
Total weifht,
36,09005
Weifht of zinc plus mercury after test,
5.688
(33)
, enC lecfmuM 11 6 0 'io Bi^e4 :fnerfoqraoO '^o Rctri^ieW
,ii5[, esBlO
,OfTXS
,35 5-^. quo suoTO^
, Y•IJJO^eM
,ejfiiolrlo .TJJiasi5Jo4
ijBrixrme:!' onls oi boi .Ioi3:tno0
,ni;o 3lJO^oq ni aoijjJlo2
** aooeo,3s ^^n^iev.- fjB.toT
Y•IIJO^enl aulq onis lo Jrl^xeV/
|
.erf J |
8ev.9 |
|
« |
clV850.^ |
|
It |
svv.i |
|
n |
S8S.9 |
|
ti |
G^VO. |
|
n |
'S85.S |
|
» |
.2 |
|
n |
.!• |
|
n |
GIS. |
|
n |
ci65.3 |
|
n |
TPS.S |
icF)
Tyelghts of Component farts of Cell Htunber "Two.
Glass jar.
Sine,
Porous oup.
Carbon terminal.
Glass syphoning tube,
Grannular carbon,
Mercury,
Potassium chlorate.
Contact rod to zinc terminal.
Outer solution.
Solution in porous cup.
Total weight.
|
6.907 |
Lbs |
|
4.0625 • |
II |
|
1.626 |
'T |
|
6.477 |
n |
|
.0743 |
II |
|
4.1543 |
It |
|
2. |
IT |
|
1. |
M |
|
.219 |
ft |
|
7.237 |
t1 |
|
3.106 |
n |
|
36.8631 |
rt |
Weight of zinc plus mercury after test.
B,663
(37)
♦ owT lecffnirE IleO lo B-fts^ tneno^KoO lo strf^teYT
|
StfJ |
voe.a |
,i&i, eeelC |
|
|
tl |
• |
,oaiZ |
|
|
r |
asd. ; |
.quo SWOTOl |
|
|
r |
VVI'.o |
.Ijerriari&t ao6ip,0 |
|
|
fi |
s^vo. |
c |
idat gxiixioifxYe eealB |
|
11 |
si-ai.^ |
" |
,nocfTBO xsLxraastx) |
|
tl |
, 'jiixrot'e?.! |
||
|
h |
-I |
,etjBTOIrfo mwleee^oT |
|
|
TT |
' ?rs. |
, IsGlnne j |
onls 0*" BoT ^op^ftoD |
|
I! |
V5S.T |
.noiJ-jj-Xoa letirO |
|
|
n |
dci . :; |
,q_iSi |
D BXTOioq; rtf coiittrloS |
|
n |
ir,98,9E |
.trf'giew iBrfoT |
589.?. .test ted-ls
(V5)
Weights of Component Parts oi Cell JT-umber Three
Glass jar.
Zinc,
Porous cup. 350,
Carbon terminal.
Glass syphoning tube ,
Graanular carbon,
Meronry ,
Potassium chlorate.
Contact rod to zinc terminal.
Outer solution.
Solution in porous cup,
T4tal weight,
I
Weight of zinc plus mercury after test,
6.582 lbs,
4,0C25 " 1.860
6.688 "
.0743 " 3.895
2. «
1. "
.219 "
6.739 "
3.536 "
36.65S8
^h,e>Q1
(38)
p9ixfT iDC'c::!-'!! IIsO io etTB? tnacfoqfotoO Ic etrfsie'i?
c« u ,^
S8S.3 .Tat ei^elB
,oe?! .quo Btroiol
|
886. |
,a |
|
S^VO. |
|
|
^e<^. |
• '-• |
|
> W4 |
|
|
.1 |
|
|
5IS. |
|
|
eev. |
, ? |
rrodieO
8r,?.?^.9f:
. 7/1 trot eM
.Xfininned- onis o;t 6oi SoB&aoO
,acttuto8 i9t!s0
,qm) eiroioq al aoituloB
(8S)
heights of Component Parts of Call Utunber Four,
Glass jar, 3.356 lbs.
Zino tarminal, 3.9S£ "
Copper terininal, .1211 "
Copper sulphate, 1.5 "
Weight of water, 7.265 "
Total weight, 16.2341 "
Weifht of zinc after test B.52 "
(39)
" li^eS.ax .irfgiew I^i-oT
PART I. TEST HO. I.
DISCHARGIUa AT A CONST AST RATE.
(40)
.1 T H » '^ . I • . OK T S 2 T
.aiAfi THATgTOO A TA BW.ICfiAED8I(r
iO^)
FIGURE I.
A SCHME OF THE COHNECTIOHS USED IN MAKIHG THE TESTS.
(41)
(i^)
TEST NO. I.
The apparatus used in parformins the testa, other than the batteries, consisted of the following: (1) 0-3 Direct current, direct reading V/eston
volt meter. (E) 0-100 Milli-volt meter and ampere shunts
for 1 and 10 amperes. (S) Coil resistances and wire. f4) Z louble pole, double throw s^/itohes.
(5) 3 Single pole, single throw switches.
(6) 1 Three pole double throw switch.
(7) 6 Yolt storage battery.
(8) Clock with second-h-.nd attachment.
(9) 2 Auxiliary relay coils.
(10) 1 Contact counter.
(42)
.1 .OH T 8 a T
,e:fSB;t eifJ- ■£^t::x-tc'iii>q ex bBSU esj-fstBjqs eriT
Qdi Ic &e;i-3iartoo ,serizf&B(i arlt aed^ 1^dfo
:SXii:v70lIol
noteeW anldeet toBttb ,&aQiiuo toQttd S-0 (I)
.nbfem tlov
etfl:x;rfe BTeqcie bas leJBin J-Iov-JtXXiM OOI-O (S)
,aei©qififi 01 boB I loi
.9ii'w 5n.? E;90fl3tsi:P9i IroO (S)
.8erfo;fi:v'e woixiJ eldnoi) ,8lO'i elduoC S i^)
.aerio^lwe wotriJ- algci-s .9loc[ ©XsxirS K (S)
.rfOCfiWE WOlrit BiCfXJOfe 9Xoq. 8 9TriT I (d)
.^'t&i-tsd egeio;^? J£cY 3
. JaeaufOB^fitB bn d-baooBB nd'iw jIooXD (8)
.eXJ-oo N^sXe-t ^isiXlxcrA S (e)
.isifmroo tOfitnoO X (QX)
(S^)
The apparatus was connected according to the sch- eme sho^m in Figure 1. Battery #1 was connected in series with switch #S,and resictHncs rj ,now by thro- wing: switch #7 to the left, the closed circuit voltage may be re^id on voltpieter V,and by openinp switch # 2 the open circuit voltage may be read. The current of cell H 1 was determined by throwing switch * 5 to the left and opening switch # 2.
Cell H 2 was connected with a counting relay, au- xiliary relay contact ,s'vitch f^ l,and resistance r^^ in series. By throwing switch # 4 to the left and op- ening switch # l,the current may be read on ammeter A
o
The voltage can be read by throwing switch if e to the left.
Cell # 3 was connected through a switch * 3, res- istance r and an auxiliary relay.(contacti The cur-
3
rent was determined by throwing switch # 4 to the rig'nt and opening switch # 3. The voltage being read by throwing switch # 6 to the right.
Readings of battery # 4 were determined by in- serting the ammeter shunt A-, in the circuit, and connecting the Voltmeter across the terminals.
On the data sheets "I" is the current in amperes:
E, is the closed circuit voltage: E is the open 1 p
circuit voltage; D is the dorjslty in degrees Baume;
a: ■'
and"r" is the resistance of the cell.
(44)
-fi03 9xi>t ci -^ni hioooB beioeci-noc axjv; ajjj^iTfqqx? exlT
ax bei oennoo sew I^ \^ied':fBa .1 eiu^^i'-I ril nworfs ema
-oiriJ Yd won^ [t eonH + r^laei tnfi,S^ rioJiwa ditv seiies
e-^eiEov JiucTio f^eeofo --^1 ,J^eI en:t oi V^ rioJiwa -^fiiw
S ^ rlo:^lv.'a j^niaeqo yd f?n£s,V lectenjJIov no bre-T. ecf vBin
J^aet'iuo eriT .beei ecf Y.em e^BJIov .tiuoTio neqo orfct
O.J c. ^ iotiwa ^nrwo-irli Y.d ^e^xfm9:}oc■ acw I ^ Ileo lo
.2 ^ ric.tlwe ;|nia9qo fn£ :t1el esii -tj£ ,\^al9T 5iiidrujoo f riiixv f^eJoennco axis S ^ IleO ill 1 conrJaiee)-! tnB,I ^ rlc:f Iv-a , J o^ofioo Y^t^-fsi ■^if^ilix -qo tna .lleL eriJ oct ^ ^ rloJiwa ."^nxwoiriJ y^ .aexiea
srIJ o^ 0 ^ rio.tjtwa ■<^^iwc^flJ y"o f^^^S'i Sj i"ijpo 9:^i3jIov edT -ijjo 9riV lic£.-*iiOO).Y.Bl^-i \-^r.tL rxur-. nr. friB ^ 9crii?:!3X
^>
erf J oj ^ ^ noilvta ^axwooril xd csninnsjof) e£w dnei fceei ^aiecT ej^^J-Iov etlT .S % rioJlwa :snJ:n9qo hn^ Jri:%ii
.J-u'-^XT 9fU -oJ- ? * rloJxwa -nfiwonrii •.■]■ -ai YO tonlaideb ©^9v.' -t^ % ^'^-'^•■-•0 'io a.grixLiiOi
bnfi ^^iuoixo eri^ nx j-A cfnurie lOJsucuiJ eiij uniiTen . r:Ii3rtXETScf eriJ aeoTOB •leJemJIoV erfj ^ri.r Joon.ioc jaeTsqaiJS rii: Jacnj^'D odS ax "I" aJeenc iKlJic Oiii nu
neqo erIJ ei 3 le^Bilov ctli/OTJo beaolo orf:t ax ^3.
;9(njj£a aeeT)<\eh ni yJiatiob orii ei Q :e^P:riov iluonio
.Ilec e:;.^ '^o eon^JnxGO-i e:i>j si; ■'T"£nB
(^^)
The value of"r" ia determined from the known
values of E, >Eg,and I by use of the formula,
r = Kq- ^-1 I
The temperature,den8ity, current, open and closed circuit voltage was detormlnod every eifht hours for a period of 560 hours. In teat ^ l,the cell was discharged through a fixed resistance at an average rate of .2097 amperes. The averare potential anpljed beinf 1.554 volts. The circuit was disturbed but momentarily when the readings v/ere taken.
Curves for each of the cells tested v^ere plotted showinf the relatiox:; between amperes , volts, temperature and time in hours. Gare was used in plotting the oi^ curves, they beinf secured by plottinjp from point to point ani the average value of the ordinafces determined by the use of a planimeter.
GalculationB and Results.
It will be noticed from a consideration of the data, that the resistance of cell # 1 increased from ,1571 to .246 ohms, and that the value was affected slightly by temperature.
Knowing the average voltage ani current per cell, the watts output may be calculated r^rcm the formula:
W s E I
(45)
■ ■ ■ ; . 1 1 ■
-1.
F.'Ti/ori .-'a'^iP \jTeve horflmiGd-efe b<'i» O'^-B.-ffov Jii-otio
'■^strqfffS- 'Ilpl'itrre^orf e-^;fit9Va': ©ji'. . ^r'^eqrns V90G. . e:tx3i
.J ^.iiJioIq at ooeii fjisw eieO .eiijoil ni. etaiJ infB
fcoai'TTie Je ^ fj4.4.<i*i'f.^ f -Y" ,- 'to 9tjli:>v ?•« r .-':-^" f-- 9ff.'+ ^''tj' ■''I'tot
.aec^eraxafelq £■■ lo eejj erij y<J
.Svtlueeii fine anoi,+ Blj.folJB[J edi Ic aolierrebieaoo jb sioiI b9oi^ori ed IIlw .'1 ino'.. '.p,e-\onl I 'i LLeo 'io eoarJetaei erii Ji-'riJ , i-.+ Bh
,e^^uiB1eqalei ^d X-t-^rfl-^'-te
:/?fu[mo'l erl:t cioil b©ct£ljJoI.po sd vBrn Jijq:fjjo aJ,tBw eri.t
I ['. =? V.
(f^)
and knowing the total nuraber of hours the cells were dlaoharfed , the total watt-hours per cell may be deter- mined by the use of the formula:
W'^= E I t
1 in which W equals output in watt-hourB,and t la total
time in hours.
Both the inner and outer solutions, in this test
0 0
had a density of 15 Baume at 70 Fahrenheit.
weight of zincf Hg before test = 6.05875
weight of zlnc4 Ilg after test = S.-^ot*
weight of zinc Gon8umed=.35l75# or 160 grams.
The area of the ampere-hour curve = ?9.S2 sq. In,
iqaq. in.= 4 arapere-houra giving 116.88 ampere-hours
giving an average I of ,2097 or ampere-hours output =
.20P7 X 560 = 116.88.
Theoretical losa = 116.88 x 3600 x .000336 *=
141,5 grammes of zinc ,in Wiich 3600 is a conversion
factor for changing ampere-hours into coulombs, namely
amperes per second, and .000336 is the electro-chemical
equivalent of zinc.
Therefore 18.5 grammes are conaiimed by local action
and the efficiency is I4I.57-I6O or 88.5 i,.
(46)
e^ew clleo eriJ 8^iJorf "to ^sdc!L■^: irooj e/ij .%:;iv.'o.i:; fcnB -TOvtob ed x*-''^ Ileo aeq e^I/ori-c^.J£w lii^oJ ©rf:t , be:5Tieribeifc
3 L a ='''W
r LeioS El J f:'^£^a^iJorf-i>tJ3w nx ,tuq;tuo^ aLeupe l«V rioiriw ni
. siuori al smiJ
J.eecf elrf;^ ni ^anoi JuIob Tecfuo tn^ ^e^al eri^ rlJoa
. JxerfneiilB'^ CV j^, einufid 51 1o 'iJienoJb b bjeni
aV8?.0,9 = >JEei oioled :^K -tonis lo Jxi^^i&v
,nl ,p8 SS. 69 = evTJJO luori-eTeqrne edi lo bqib erlT B1J-'o^i-6^oqm£! 88. "IJ" 5nlvl?s B^j^Oil-o-ieqmB ^ =.ni . pa -I = iuqiuo Biiiori-GaeqojB to V^OS. lo 1 e^B'jeve riP ^i^iivx-^
.83.911 = 095 X VP02.
n 9S50C0. X no^?: X 88.911 = ^;eoI Iv^ol^teioexiT
noxBTevaoo b bx 009? rloxflJt nx, onii; lo aenisiBa,-^ 5,IM
Ylernjsn^adrnoljjoo oJax s'lUoxf-eTeqmB ^alt^nBrlc ^o'i lO/tOB*!
l£of .Teio-o'-(,-t oole erit r^t 9f;S000, &nf,f)aooe8 ^9q aeTsq.TiB
.ones 'to one[£vliipe riox^toi; iBooI yd berj/Raoo 6^B rsemoiaT* 5.81 eio'ieTerfT
,^' 5.88 ^o 091-^5.1^1 ax x^nexox'^'^e edd bas
(9^)
flost of Materials Cell # 1, Woifht of outer solution = 6,355 lbs. Weifht of cup solution = 3, 847 lbs. Total weifht of solution =10,S02 lbs.
Since density of acid = 15°Baunie = l.li6 sp. fr. wt. of 1.116 sp. fr. ao-lutinn per cu. ft. = 69.6022, per cent of acid in 1,116 sp. gr. solution = 15.904, therefore woifht of actual acid in solution = 10.202 Ibs.x .15904 = 1.61 lbs.
As the cells were not completely exhausted, the chemical equivalent of material used would be as
follows: HgSO^ consumed equals atomic wt. of H„SO
<-> 4 97.92
~ = 1.509.
• 64.82
The actual consumption of lOO"^ acid equals 1.509 X ,35175 lbs. zn. = .565 lbs. of aoid.
The corainercial acid consumed equals .565'i> .96
«—
= ,589 lbs. commercial acid consumed. Then at
1.5 cents per pound, tne acid used wouli cost ,884Cents
The K Glo„ consumed would be determined as follows: o
since one molecule of a Clo combines with six molecules
o
of H and as,
3 zn f 3HpSG4= ^znSO^f 6H
6H f IvOlo^ = KClo^ = K 01 + ZMoQ
(47)
alJSXTeJjBM 1o JboS
.Bcfl JSE.B = nold-uIOE loJuo lo JilT^ioW
. 2dl V^B.S = rcoJ:.ti;Ioa que 1o Jii^isW
.ecTI SOS, 01- '■iOxdjJioe lo Jri^iov; iBioT}
.'f? .qe an. I - emujea ?•! = bi oi3 .^o, i-i^Jxeneb eonia
,S;SC(?nR;i = .JT- .uo i£q rfoxjiJloa . t.« .qe DII.I T^o .^w
,i^OC,?,I = aoi^iijloB ,t;3 .qe ^11,1 .fi bxcj5 1o .irieo rts.q
SOS. 01 = rioiJuIca fix 51 ox; Lsu^of lo >tii:^ cow eno'Jonerfi
,BdL I.?:,. I = Kieai., x.Rcfl
. ,ef[i,.f)edejjiertxo ijloislqnioo Jo<-( Qiew Rileo eciS eA
n/j ed 5IiJow bsp.u L^hie±m\ lo oiielBvxup© lec-xmerio
.oar,H Jo . J-w oiracJe siBL'pe bemuBi^oo ^'-''^o^l ibwoIIoI
f ... SC.VQ
.■^oa.i =
S8»>?=> •
el. Bijpe bxojK '^■'CCI ^ .fiSpXitqnj-'enco Iiu;JoB Qiil'
.hiOB lo .a:c(I 333. = .as .edIoVieS, x 003. 1
3G. ^5?^!?. Riflupo JbemtTEnoo btce. Iflxctemmoo silT
ii3 aoiil .hemjjEnoo .bxoxf li-i cjeauroo .?3di 983, =
aJae0^3:av,taoo Muow tesi; hxoi? eilct ^fcaijoq ^eq Bineo 5,1
rewoXIol efi ^e^fi^a'Ie,:^e^ 9d Muow hemusiioo ^,010 il eriT
c.
eeluoslorn xxb rijxv; p.vAi:aa\o-j oil^ a lo sluoelom ^,~;ri ;?oni3
, 6i- r-iif ti lo
HO ^j^CSnsf =^JP.^H5 + as f,
Soft? t IC /H = ^oICa = _oi;.i f HB
therefore atomic weight of K Clo„ - atomic wt. of K SO
•5 ' 2 4
wil] equal amount of K Glo_ required or, 122.28 7 293.76 = ,418 timee actual aci'l uaod,or .418 x .589 = .24C lbs. K Clo ,an<3 since K 0 lo„ costs 9.5 cents per pound , the amount consumed would coat 2.318 cents.
Zino consumed = .35175 Ibe.and costs at 8.5 cento p per pound, 3 cents.
The total cost of the material used in the cell
when the average voltage of cell war, 1,554 volt?,
and the average current was .209 amperes for SBOhrs.
giving 181.2 watt-hours, was as follows: assuming
the available chemical efficiency as SO"?? for the
HoSO^ and K do, would be 7.02 cents. '-2 4 3
The coot per K.W. hr. output would be 38.7 cts. The foregoing cost shows the possible minimum of com- mercial cost per K.W.hr, based upon a chemical eff- iciency of 80"^ which seems to have been obtained on complete discharge tests.
(48)
^I 3f>?. = G8c.. X eI^. ^xo,toat; f^xoB iBuio^ aemirf 81^. =
.a^tneo BIS. 2 i,:oo Muow be^nujenoo cfnuomB
erfi -lol Jroe ei--. ^oa-ioille LBoxmecio eld^IlavB eni
.ejiieo 20. V so Mjjov; oIO ii bn£ ' 02 ii
'' ^ 2 -»■
.eJo V,ar. ed bluov; Jifgctiio ,^ .VV.W ^eq .^goo srlT
-aioo 1o nuailnxm slcfieaoq eri^ eworls .teoo ^nio^eio-J eriT
no fsfixi'.icfo aesd evsri o3 smeee dcxriw >ob Jo ronexci
,s:f60J Q^iJBrioexf) e:feIamoo
(8^)
CELL BO. I.
|
Time : |
E 1 i |
E 2 ■ |
I : |
D9n3lt ; ty : |
r. ; |
Hra. |
|
2 AM ; |
.16 : |
0 : |
15 • |
|||
|
2 PM : |
1.832 |
16.0 |
||||
|
10 |
1.723 ': |
1.766 |
.21 '•. |
16.2 |
.1571 |
8 |
|
6 M • |
1.70 |
1.734 |
.22 |
16.4 |
.1545 |
16 |
|
2 PM |
1.73 |
1.765 |
.225 |
16.5 |
.1555 |
24 |
|
10 |
. 1.74 |
: 1.776 |
. • .21 |
16.45 |
! .171 • .168 |
: 32 |
|
6 IM |
1.56 |
1.706 |
.215 |
: 16.8 |
: 40 |
|
|
Z |
: 1.63 |
1.666 |
: .21 |
16.9 |
: .171 |
48 |
|
10 |
'. 1.594 |
: 1.63 |
.199 |
17. |
.181 |
: 56 |
|
6 Mi. |
: 1.587 |
': 1.620 |
. .20 |
: 17.1 |
• .180 |
'. 64 |
|
2 PM |
: 1.58 . 6 oz . I |
: 1.618 IgO addec |
l .205 i |
: 17.4 |
: .186 |
: 72 |
|
10 |
: 1.594 |
•1.63 |
! .21 |
': 15.9 |
" .171 |
': 80 |
|
6 AM |
: 1.574 |
: 1.61 |
■ .203 |
! 16.5 |
': .177 |
'. 88 |
|
2 PM |
: 1.572 |
: 1.61 |
: .203 |
. 17.5 |
': .187 |
': 96 |
|
10 |
: 1.656 |
i 1.695 |
: .215 |
': 17.4 |
! .181 |
104 |
|
6 AM |
i 1.547 |
: 1.586 |
: .215 |
• 17.4 |
.183 |
112 |
|
2 PM |
: 1.555 |
: 1.596 |
• .2151 |
. 17.5 |
'. .199 |
: 120 |
|
10 |
I 1.536 |
1.576 |
.205 |
18. |
.197 |
128 |
|
6 AI^ |
i 1.600 |
1.639 |
: .209 |
17.8 |
: .186 |
136 |
|
: 6 oz. I |
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( 49)
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C E I I NO. I.
|
Time |
': E 1 |
i E 2 |
: I |
: Densi- : *^ |
T |
: Hra. |
|
2 PM |
': 1.62 |
: 1.658 |
': .22 |
i 15. |
': .175 |
': 144 |
|
10 |
': 1.598 |
: 1.646 |
• .22 |
• 16. |
: .177 |
l 152 |
|
6 AM |
: 1.566 |
: 1.606 |
': .21 |
: 17.7 |
': .190 |
I 160 |
|
2 PM |
•1.57 |
1.61 |
': .212 |
': 17.7 |
': .188 |
168 |
|
10 |
: 1.576 |
: 1.616 |
.212 |
: 17.7 |
: .194 |
! 176 |
|
6 AM |
• 1.576 |
: 1.617 |
.22 |
': 17.5 |
': .186 |
' 184 |
|
2 PM |
• 1.581 |
1.618 |
: .219 |
17. |
': .169 |
: 192 |
|
10 |
: 1.584 |
1.626 |
'. .216 |
: 17.5 |
': .194 |
: 200 |
|
6 AM |
: 1.605 : 6 02. ! |
[ 1.646 IgO ad dec |
! .219 i |
; 18. |
.187 |
: 208 |
|
2 PM |
: 1.588 |
1.628 |
. .218 |
16.3 |
': .185 |
216 |
|
10 |
1.585 |
1.626 |
.218 |
16.3 |
: .186 |
: 224 |
|
6 AM |
: 1.585 |
1.626 |
.212 |
17.2 |
: .196 |
232 |
|
2 PM - |
1.582 |
1.623 |
.213 |
17.2 |
.195 |
240 |
|
10 |
1.56S : |
1.61 |
.208 |
17.5 |
.197 |
248 |
|
6 AM : |
1.51 \ |
1.551 ': |
.2fi8 |
18. |
.197 |
256 |
|
2 PM : |
1.534 ': |
1.575 ': |
.21 : |
19. : |
.195 : |
264 |
|
10 ': |
1.535 ': |
1.576 ': |
.211 ! |
19.1 ': |
.194 i |
272 |
|
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1.524 : |
1.565 ': |
.21 ': |
19.5 ': |
.197 ': |
290 |
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CEIL NC. I.
|
Time |
E 1 |
E 2 |
I |
: Densi- : ty |
r |
Hra. |
|
2 PM |
1.541 |
1.583 |
.213 |
'20. |
.209 |
. 288 |
|
10 |
1.54 |
1.582 |
: .213 |
20. |
.208 |
: 296 |
|
6 AM |
1.524 |
1.566 |
• .2 |
20.1 |
.21 |
304 |
|
2 PM |
1.534 |
1.576 |
.2 |
20.2 |
.21 |
312 |
|
10 |
1.525 |
1.57 |
\ .21 |
20.8 |
: .208 |
320 |
|
6 AM |
1.518 6 oz. ! |
.1.56 [2O addec |
.2 i |
: 20.9 |
.21 |
': 328 |
|
2 PM |
! 1.557 |
1.570 |
: .208 |
.207 |
336 |
|
|
10 |
: 1.52 |
'. 1.563 |
.202 |
': 21.7 |
.213 |
: 344 |
|
6 AM 2 PM |
: 1.526 . 1.554 |
': 1.569 1.577 |
'. .203 : .208 |
\ 21. 20.7 |
: .216 .207 |
: 352 360 |
|
10 |
: 1.527 |
. 1.57 |
: .208 |
21. |
. .207 |
: 368 |
|
6 AM |
: 1.517 |
1.569 |
> .212 |
21.5 |
.203 |
376 |
|
2 PM |
1.516 |
. 1.558 |
.208 |
22. : |
.202 |
384 |
|
10 |
1.518 |
1.56 |
.203 |
. 22.1 |
.207 |
392 |
|
6 AM |
1.503 ; |
1.546 |
.209 : |
22.5 : |
.206 • |
400 |
|
2 PM |
1.502 : |
1.546 : |
.209 • |
22.5 i |
» .211 : |
408 |
|
10 |
1.514 |
1.558 |
.21 • |
22.8 : |
.209 • |
416 |
|
6 Mi |
1.486 |
1.53 |
.208 ': |
22.9 ': |
.216 • |
424 |
|
2 PM : |
1.53 '■ |
1.566 : |
.208 ': |
23. ': |
.208 ': |
432 |
(51)
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CEIL NO. I.
|
« t Time : |
E 1 : |
S 2 ! |
I '. |
Dgnsi- : ty : |
r : |
Hra |
|
10 ?M |
•1.52 • |
1.566 |
.209 |
23. |
. .206 |
: 440 |
|
6 AM |
: 1.524 |
1.553 |
': .211 |
\ 23.5 |
• .208 |
: 448 |
|
£ PM |
: 1.511 |
1.556 |
.21 |
• 24. |
: .214 |
• 456 |
|
10 SM |
• 1.505 |
: 1.545 |
: .21 |
! 23.9 |
': .214 |
': 464 |
|
6 AM |
1.515 |
. 1.560 |
.209 |
: 24.1 |
': .215 |
': 472 |
|
2 PM |
: 1.486 6 oz . I |
'-. 1.532 igO addec |
: .213 J |
i 24. |
'. .216 |
': 430 |
|
10 |
• 1.476 |
• 1.523 |
': .21 |
i 22.5 |
! .222 |
': 488 |
|
6 AM |
•1.52 |
1.566 |
! .212 |
! 22.8 |
': .217 |
' 496 |
|
2 PM |
! 1.52 |
: 1.566 |
: .21 |
: 23.1 |
! .219 |
': 504 |
|
10 |
'• 1.524 |
: 1.57 |
'. .21 |
': 23.2 |
: .219 |
! 512 |
|
6 AM |
: 1.490 |
I 1.536 |
': .211 |
i 24. |
: .218 |
! 520 |
|
2 PM |
1 1.50 |
: 1.546 |
: .218 |
': 24.2 |
] .224 |
i 523 |
|
10 PM |
': 1.476 |
1.52 |
: .2 |
• 24.5 |
': .21 |
• 536 |
|
6 AM |
: 1.51 |
': 1.557 |
': .205 |
i 24.1 |
! .229 |
'-. 544 |
|
2 PM |
: 1.52 |
'. 1.57 |
: .203 |
': 24.8 |
'■ .PAS |
552 |
|
10P.il. |
: 1.47 |
': 1.52 |
.;^05 |
! 25. |
,PA |
: 560 |
(52)
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PART II- Test # 2.
DIBCHi^J^GIKG AT All IMTERMITrAllT RATE,
I lev:
(55)
,MTAH TliATTIMilaTHI ' ■ ■ •'IS^IAHOaia
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Test # 2. Cell # 2. In this test the cell was proparo'i the same aa in Test#l usinf a solution having the same density. The coll was automatioally discharfei for a period of 10,5 seconds once during each two miriutes through a resistance fivir* an average value of current o€ 2,88 amperes .
The quantities on the data sheets for this test have the same meaning as in Test # 1.
Calculations and Results. Weight of zn+ Kg before test = 6.0586 lbs. Weight of Zn 4- Hg after test = 5.642 lbs. Weight of Zn consumed = .4166 lbs . = 188 gtns .
In 560 hours there were 560 x 30 or 16800 contacts of 10,5 seconds each at 2.88 amperes or equivalent to 49x 2.88 = 141.2 x 3600 x .000336 = 171.1 gras ,
Curves were plotted showing the variation of ampereg volts and temperature of the cell with time in hours. The curves being determined by plotting from point to point. The areas of the ampere-tirae curve, and volt- tirae curve were determined accurately by the use of a planimeter,and the average value of the current and voltage were determinedtherefrom.
The zinc consumed by local action in this cell
.S ^ cfaeT .S ^ lle'C
nt 8jn enjy.R er(:t ^o^Bqe^a bbv ILeo ecii ieei alAi nl
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was 16.9 pmG , (therefore the ef-^icieiiov was 91. 25"^
Coat of Materials. WeirKt of outer solution = 7.R37 lbs. A'eirht of inner solution = 3.106 Iba . Total weight of solution =10, /!,■;•» lbs.
Since the density of acid = 15°Baum,or l.llP lbs sp.Fr.,a cu. ft. of thic liquid 'vei^hs 69.60255 lbs, and GontaiTiH 15.904'=^ acid, the weight C" icid in liquid is 1.67 lbs.
H SO. consumed = 1,509 x .4166 lbs. = .689 lbs. 100<?^ acid or .655 lbs. commercial acid/vhich would
cost .987 cents. The K Glo„ consumed equals. 418 x
o
.655 = . 272 lbF.,or zinc consumed would cost 3.549 cents.
The total cost of materials consumed allowinf ST!? chemical efficiency for HpSO. and K Clo,,in produclnp 186 watts is 7.689 cents or 43.1 cet:tn rier '(.W. hour.
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CELL NO. II.
|
Time |
E 1 |
E 2 |
I |
Densi- ty |
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Hrs. |
|
2 AM • |
.16 |
15. |
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|
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2.81 |
: 17. |
.106 |
: 8 |
|
6 AM |
: 1.44 |
: 1.76 |
\ 2.85 |
17. |
.109 |
16 |
|
2 PM |
! 1.506 |
i 1.81 |
. 2.81 |
: 17. |
: .109 |
24 |
|
10 PM |
\ 1.46 |
1.76 |
■ 2.9 |
; 17. |
! .105 |
32 |
|
6 AM |
': 1.426 : 14.5 0] |
• 1.761 E. H2O ac |
: 3.11 idea |
: 17. |
': .107 |
': 40 |
|
2 PM |
: 1.377 |
i 1.717 |
: 3.11 |
: 15. |
! .1094 • |
': 48 |
|
10 |
[ 1.387 |
! 1.717 |
• 3.1 |
': 16.1 |
': .105 |
\ 56 |
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: 1.38 |
': 1.711 |
• 3.06 |
: 16.2 |
! .107 |
64 |
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': 1.678 |
• 3.05 |
: 16.3 |
'. .1058- |
72 |
|
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: 1.36 |
! 1.666 |
. 3.06 |
: 16.5 |
: .100 |
80 |
|
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1.33 |
1.64 |
3.09 |
• 16.8 |
.100 |
88 |
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1.638 |
. 2.99 |
': 17. |
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96 |
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1.64 |
2.995' |
17.5 |
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104 |
|
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1.35 ' |
1.674 ' |
3.01 " |
17.5 |
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112 |
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1.34 : |
1.65 : |
3.02 • |
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|
Time : |
E 1 : |
E 2 '■ |
I ; |
Densi- : ty : |
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Hrs. |
|
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1.34 |
1.65 ; |
3.02 |
18.5 '-. |
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128 |
|
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1.336 3 oz. E |
1.646 [gO addec |
2.93 1 |
18.2 ■ |
.102 |
136 |
|
2 PM |
1.326 |
1.66 |
2.89 |
: 17.5 |
• 1176 |
i 144 |
|
10 |
: 1.317 |
. 1.636 |
'. 2.89 |
: 16.5 i .109 |
! 152 |
|
|
6 AM |
! 1.318 |
1.618 |
2.98 |
17.2 |
.1006 |
. 160 |
|
2 PM |
! 1.33 |
1.636 |
2.99 |
17.5 |
.104 |
! 168 |
|
10 |
: 1.336 |
1.606 |
': 2.86 |
': 17.5 |
'. .107 |
: 176 |
|
6 AM |
': 1.33 |
': 1.616 |
: 2.83 |
': 18. |
: .1008 |
': 184 |
|
2 PM |
'. 1.34 |
: 1.62 |
: 2.875 |
\ 17.8 |
: .1004 |
i 192 |
|
10 |
': 1.336 |
: 1.616 |
': 2.83 |
': 18.1 |
'. .099 |
! 200 |
|
6 AJ'^ |
': 1.332 : 6 oz. ! |
i 1.62 l20 addec |
I 2.87 i |
': 18.6 |
: .1001 |
': 208 |
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': 1.336 |
i 1.617 |
': 2.9 |
i 18.1 |
[ .0973 |
: 216 |
|
10 |
! 1.358 |
: 1.638 |
': 2.81 |
i 18.6 |
'. .0998 |
: 224 |
|
6 AM |
: 1.346 |
': 1.617 |
: 2.82 |
': 18.8 |
': .0995 |
': 232 |
|
2 PM |
: 1.336 |
! 1.628 |
! 2.89 |
: 19.3 • |
.0975 |
240 |
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|
Ti318 |
: B 1 |
'. E 2 |
: I |
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r |
Hrs. |
|
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'. 1.336 |
: 1.616 |
2.91 |
20. |
'. .0963 |
! 248 |
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6 m |
1.296 |
: 1.606 |
2.86 |
; 20. |
.1085 |
'. 256 |
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1.306 |
: 1.611 |
3.01 |
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. .1012 |
! 264 |
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! 1.296 |
1.586 |
• 2.91 |
; 21.3 |
: .0998 |
': 272 |
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: 1.296 |
'. 1.616 |
. 2.81 |
21.8 |
: .114 |
': 280 |
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: 1.316 |
': 1.621 |
2.96 |
! 21.9 |
: .1028 |
• 288 |
|
10 PM |
1.311 |
: 1.616 |
2.89 |
22. |
! .1055 |
': 296 |
|
6 AM |
. 1.316 |
! 1.6E |
2.89 |
', 22.8 |
! .105 |
: 304 |
|
2 PM |
' 1.316 |
1.616 |
• 2.94 |
22.8 |
! .1021 |
'. 312 |
|
10 PM |
! 1.296 |
: 1.586 • |
2.89 |
23. |
. .S0d8 |
; 320 |
|
6 AM |
: 1.3 |
. 1.596 ' |
2.89 |
: 23.5 ■ |
.1002 |
328 |
|
2 PM |
1.296 6 02. I |
. 1.596 ' [gO addet |
2.86 I |
23. |
.105 |
336 |
|
10 |
: 1.3 |
: 1.39 |
'. 2.87 |
23. |
.101 |
344 |
|
6 AM |
! 1.268 |
'. 1.55 |
2.8 |
. 23.5 |
.101 |
. 352 |
|
2 PM |
. 1.30 • |
1.596 |
2.84 |
24. |
.104 |
360 |
|
10 |
1.32 |
1.596 |
2.84 |
24. |
.097 ■ |
368 |
|
6 AM |
1.3 |
1.586 • |
2.83 • |
25. |
.1011- |
376 |
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C S I I NO. II.
|
Time : |
E 1 : |
E 2 ': |
I : |
Denal- : ty : |
r : |
Hrs. |
|
2 PM : |
1.28 ': |
1.576 ! |
2.81 ': |
25. ': |
.102 ': |
384 |
|
10 |
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. 1.578 • |
2.56 |
25. ; |
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392 |
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6 AM |
1.242 |
1.576 |
2.76 |
25. |
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. 1.262 |
! 1.576 |
E.73 |
25.1 |
.1151 |
'. 408 |
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! 1.25 |
! 1.564 |
2.83 |
25.5 |
. .111 |
: 416 |
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6 AM |
: 1.22 |
i 1.558 |
2.93 |
26. |
.1161 |
': 424 |
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2 PM |
'. 1.22 |
i 1.556 |
': 2.89 |
25.5 |
': .113 |
': 432 |
|
10 |
': 1.24 |
i 1.559 |
'. 2.89 |
26. |
: .1102 |
i 440 |
|
6 AM |
': 1.23 |
: 1.566 |
! 3.01 |
I 26.3 |
l .113 |
! 448 |
|
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: 1.566 |
': 2.74 |
: 26.3 |
i .119 |
i 456 |
|
10 PM |
! 1.25 |
': 1.576 |
i 2.81 |
i 26.4 |
: .116 |
• 464 |
|
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: 1.566 ': 1.571 |
• 2.86 \ 2.8 |
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': 25.5 |
! .1208 |
i 488 |
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• 1.23 |
': 1.576 |
': 2.11 |
': 26.5 |
': .1276 |
i 496 |
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': 1.23 |
i 1.576 |
! 2.81 |
: 26.2 |
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Time : |
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1.566 |
2.80 |
: 26.5 |
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\ 2.73 |
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: 1.30 |
: 1.537 |
• 2.80 |
\ 27.1 |
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\ 2.71 |
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: 2.76 |
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PART III. Test # 3. DISCHARGING CELL AT AN IKTSRMITTANT RATE,
(65)
.i;i TEAI ,aTAH TKATTIMH2THI ilA TA JJHC 0HIDflAH03ia
(S3)
Test # 3. Cell # 3. In this toat the cell was prepared and operated under practically the same cohditiona as cell Ti-2,vii},h the exception that the value of the current waa a little lower.
Curves were plotted aa in previoua teats ,3howinf the variation in the value of amperes, voltsand temperat- ^jre with respect to time in hours. The same care was^'i'n obtaining the average values, as was previously axeroJ-sed.
Calculatiobs and Results. Weipht'of zincf mercury before test 6.0625 lbs, Weight of zinc-f-raercury after test 5.663 lbs. Weight of zinc cpnaumed = ,3995 Ibn = 181.5 gtns .
The number of hours in service was 560, the number of contacts was 16800 and the amp-hrs ■- 49 x 136.5. '
The theoretical value of the loss of zinc = 136.5 x 3600 X .000336 =165.1 gms . The zinc conaunied by local action was 16.4 gms., giving an efficiency of 91.85 'i .
Cost of Materials. Weight of outer solution 6.739 lbs.
Weight of inner solution , 3,536 lbs.
Total weight of solution 10,275 lbs.
Amount of acid in 10.275 lbs . of solution = 1,635 lbs,
H SO^ consumed in the cell = l,5G9x.3995= ,602 lbs. of
iOO 4 acid or .627 lbs. of commorcial acid, and would
{66) • ■
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.eJljjBSji bn£ eiiol^eluoIijO
. sra^ S.-rei ■= f;cfx SC'GS. = bernufinqo orris 'lo :trinxeVv TOcfTua 9r{.+ ,09? af.v.' oorvise aJ: 2^t;ori lo ^bd^r:i.•n eriT •" .^.■'^c;! x ON - p.^_ii-ar"B -'[is brtB C0B3I 8£w GJOBincv. lo X ?.. 3SI = onxs lo eeoi eilJ lo ouli-.v iBOX^eiosrli erfT
LbooL x^ beraxiBnoo ouxs eriT .BU^^ l.d31= 3£5000. x OO^S . ^ ^'.S'.IP "^c Y^f^S-^^-i'i'^e i^J^ Snxvxg, . em-ii ^,^I saw no Mob
.elfiliGiaM lo ^aoO • Bcfl e?V.3 noiduLoB noivo Jo ici^ieV
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Jo .Edl ?03. =cl(?f.'E,xtG2.'.I -- II&o orii ax hemL^aaoo kOS^H Muovf h;U5.bxoxi li-lcio.'nLnoo "lo . edl VS3, 'lo fcx ob ^ COf
cost .94 cents. KGIO3 consumed =.418 x .P27 = ,262 lbs. and costs 2,57 centQ and zn consuraod = 3.381cent8.
The total coat of materials consumed allowing 80*^ for chemicals used is 7.76 eta. for 178.2 watt-hra. or 43.4 cts. per K.W.Hr.
(67)
?.dl S9S. - " " ■, X 8I^.= bemsjenoo gOIO^i .s:tneo ^Q. Jroo . Tii-cf^few S.8VI to'?«Q4,p: 0-T.V ei sX^Glnifiio ^o'^
CEIL NO. III.
|
Tima : |
E 1 : |
E 2 : |
I : |
Denal- : ty : |
r : |
Hr3. |
|
2 m : |
.16 : |
15. ! |
||||
|
laaDPH ' |
1.82 i |
16.5 : |
||||
|
10 PM : |
1.456 : |
1.746 ! |
2.51 ! |
16. |
.111 • |
8 |
|
6 AM |
. 1.45* ; |
1.746 ': |
2.51 |
16.2 ' |
.111 |
16 |
|
2 PM |
. 1.481 |
1.78 |
! 2.61 |
: 16.5 |
.114 |
: 24 |
|
JO |
: 1.481 14.4 05 |
1.776 !. H2O ac |
2.6 Ided |
16.5 |
.113 |
: 32 |
|
6 AI^ |
: 1.48 |
: 1.775 |
: 2.77 |
: 15. |
! .108 |
! 40 |
|
2 PM |
i 1.43 |
: 1.741 |
'. 2.83 |
': 16.1 |
': .107 |
: 48 |
|
10 |
I 1.435 |
: 1.735 |
: 2.85 |
': 16.5 |
'. .105 |
'. 56 |
|
6 AfJ |
': 1.431 |
: 1.714 |
2.72 |
'-. 16.55 |
i .104 |
': 64 |
|
2 PM |
': 1.35 |
: 1.676 |
! 3. |
: 16.8 |
: .1068 |
i 72 |
|
10 |
: 1.355 |
\ 1.68 |
'-. 3.1 |
: 16.7 |
: .1045 |
i 80 |
|
6 AM |
'. 1.338 |
: 1.663 |
! 2.9 |
: 17. |
.105 |
': 88 |
|
2 PM |
i 1.378 |
: 1.664 |
! 2.69 |
': 17.5 |
! .106 |
: 96 |
|
10 |
•1.32 |
! 1.66 |
: 3.3 |
• 17.5 |
[ .103 |
104 |
|
6 AM |
: 1.325 |
: 1.674 |
'. 3.3 |
17.5 |
.104 |
112 |
|
2 PM |
• 1.31 |
'. 1.65 |
. 3.33 |
! 17.4 |
. .103 |
. 120 |
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|
Tiaie |
: E 1 |
: E 2 |
: I |
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: Hrs. : |
|
10 PM |
: 1.31 : 3 oz. I |
: 1.65 120 aclde( |
: J. 33 3 |
: 18.5 |
: .103 |
: 128 ': |
|
6 AM ; |
: 1.33 i : 1.46 |
: 1.66 |
: 3.1 |
: 17.5 |
: .1062 |
: 136 i |
|
2 PM |
: 1.76 |
: 2.83 |
• 16. |
: .1058 |
: 144 :* |
|
|
10 |
: 1.34 |
: 1.65 |
I 2.9 |
: 16.6 |
': .107 |
■ 152 i |
|
6 AM |
1.361 |
': 1.651 |
: 2.83 |
17. |
: .1050 |
: 160 ': |
|
E PM |
: 1.3 |
! 1.594 |
: 2.89 |
': .1019 |
: 168 *: |
|
|
10 |
: 1.32 |
'. 1.636 |
: 2.93 |
: .1072 |
, 176 ': |
|
|
6 AM |
1.34 |
1.631 |
2,91 |
! .1 |
184 ': |
|
|
£ PM 10 |
1.3 ' 1.33 |
1.611 • 1.646 |
2.72 : 2.52 • |
.1182- .1162- |
192 ': 200 ': |
|
|
6 AM : |
1.36 ; 6 oz. i |
1.66 • [gO addsc |
2.71 : |
.iios! |
208 : |
|
|
2 PM '■ |
1.32 '• |
1.616 ; |
2.74 ': |
.108li |
216 ': |
|
|
10 : |
1.345 ': |
1.656 ': |
2.66 ': |
19. ': |
.117 ': |
224 i |
|
6 m ': |
1.33 i |
1.634 : |
2.66 : |
19. :' |
.11421 |
232 :' |
|
2 PM : |
1.315 : |
1.646 ': |
2.82 ': |
19.5 i |
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240 : |
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(IT)
G E I I HO. III.
Time
10 PM
6 AM
2 V¥.
10 PM
6 m
2 PM 10
6 AM 2 PM 10
6 AM 2 PM-
10
6 AM 2 PM 10
E 1
1.318
1.32
1.32
1.31
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.21
1.26
1.265
1.26
1.3
6 oz.
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.255
E 2
1.614 1.626 1.636 1.626 1.616 1.646 1.616 1.506 1.586 1.60 1.591 1.616 HgO added 1.606 1.614 1.596 1.596
2.81 2.81 2.73 2.66 2.68 2.73 2.91 2.66 2.74 2.86 2.79 2.89
2.99 2.81 2.75 2.86
Densi- ty
19.9
20.0
21.
21.
21.4
21.8
22.
22.5
22.7
23.
23.2
23.2
23.2 23.2 23.5
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: Hrs . : |
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': .1055 |
: 248 ': |
|
: .1088 |
: 256 :" |
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: .1158 |
': 264 i |
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: .1188 |
': 272 ': |
|
• .1143 |
: 280 *: |
|
': .1197 |
: 288 ': |
|
: .1018 |
: 296 ': |
|
: .1112 |
': 304 ': |
|
: .119 |
': 312 :* |
|
': .117 |
: 320 ': |
|
': .1185 |
': 328 ': |
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:' .1094 |
336 :' |
|
: .1023: |
344 : |
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: .1118! |
352 ': |
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': .1078i |
360 ': |
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368 *: |
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|
Time : |
S 1 i |
B 2 ] |
I : |
Dsnsi- : ty |
r |
Hra. |
|
6 AM \ |
1.24 ': |
1.58 ': |
2.86 ': |
2,3,6 ': |
.iieei |
376 |
|
2 PM i |
1.24 • |
1.56 |
2.77 • |
24.5 • |
.1175i |
384 |
|
10 ': |
1.242 : |
1.576 • |
2.83 |
24.2 ': |
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392 |
|
6 AM |
1.236 : |
1.57 |
2.81 • |
25. |
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400 |
|
2 PM ' |
1.236 |
1.57 |
2.8l' " |
25.1 '. |
.1188- |
408 |
|
10 |
1.24 |
1.576 |
2.82 |
25.8 |
.119 |
416 |
|
6 AM |
: 1.25 |
. 1.566 |
. 2.65 |
: 25.9 |
.1192 |
424 |
|
2 PM |
1.235 |
1.57 |
2.85 |
26. |
.1182 |
432 |
|
10 |
: 1.23 |
! 1.56 |
: 2.82 |
: 26.3 |
.119 |
. 440 |
|
6 AM |
! 1.22 |
! 1.571 |
': 2.72 |
'. 26.6 |
: .129 |
'. 448 |
|
2 PM |
! 1.25 |
: 1.574 |
: 2.51 |
': 26.8 |
: .129 |
: 456 |
|
10 |
: 1.24 |
: 1.574 |
: 2.66 |
: 26.6 |
: .1255 |
464 |
|
6 A^ |
: 1.24 |
: 1.574 |
': 2.69 |
': 27.3 |
': .129 |
': 472 |
|
2 PM |
: 1.22 : 6 oz. I |
: 1.576 i20 addec |
i 2.76 3. |
'. 27 iS |
: .129 |
': 480 |
|
10 |
: 1.222 |
: 1.576 |
': 2.71 |
': 26.2 |
': .1307 |
488 |
|
6 AM |
': 1.2S |
: 1.566 |
: 2.56 |
■ 26.8 |
: .1312 |
: 496 |
(75)
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Time ; |
E 1 ; |
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I : |
Densi ty |
|
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1.E2 1 |
1.556 • |
2.54 • |
26.8 |
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2.53 |
27.5 |
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1.646 |
! 2.73 |
28.4 |
|
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\ 1.606 |
: 2.51 |
! 27.4 |
|
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: 1.584 |
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\ 1.534 |
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: 28.8 |
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: 528 \ |
|
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536 \ |
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\ 544 ! |
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\ 552 \ |
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: .139 |
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PART IV. TEST if 4. TEST OF A COPPER SULPHATE CELL.
(75)
pr
.VI THA4
.jjHo HTAH^jua anq^oL a '"do T?.aT
(ev)
Part IV, Test ^ 4. In thia test a copper sulphate cell was used. The cell was prepared by placing the copper electrode in the bottom of the jar and placing 1.5 lbs. of pulverized copper sulphate or "blue stone" in cell and then filling jar :to within. 5 inches of the top. The cell was then short circuited for 12 hours to aeciore a normal condi iton of operation. The weight of each part entering _: into the construction of the cell was carefully as- certained .
The current , voltage, and temperature were observed at the same time as these quantities were observed of the other cells.
Curves were plotted showing the value of these quantities with respect to time. The areas of the curves were determined with a planimeter and the av- erage values determined therefrom.
Calculations and Results. Weight of zn consumed was 1.472 lbs or CC6 gras.The theoretical value of the zn consumed is 89.4 amp-hrn x 36D0 X .000336 =108 gms .
The zn Dvidently consumed by local action was 560 gme., giving an efficiency of 16.2'^r, Cost of Materials. Cost of zn at 7cts.per lb was 12.9 cts. and cost
(76)
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of copper sulphate at 7 cts.per lb. was 10.5 ctB, giving a total coat of 23.4 cts. for 25,5 watt-hra or t9.17 per K.W.Hr.
(77)
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10 6 AM 2 PM
10 6 AM 2 PM
10 6 AM 2 PM
10 6 AM 2 PM
10 6 AM 2 PM
E 1
.25 .34 .24
.19
.314
.318
.321
.329
.342
.33
.33
.395
.31
.31
.31
E 2
1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
.99 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.15 1.08 1.08 1.06 1.08 1.03
.99 1.01
.285
.266
.269
.269
.246
.23
.227
.233
.22
.235
.222
.244
.26
.25
.23
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Densi- ty
|
r |
: Hrs. : |
|
\ 2.57 |
: 8 \ |
|
\ 2.75 |
: 16 ': |
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: 2.75 |
: 24 \ |
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■ 32 : |
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: 40 \ |
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: 48 \ |
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56 \ |
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: 80 \ |
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88 \ |
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\ 96 i |
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\ 2.64 |
104 \ |
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i 2.88 |
112 :' |
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120 \ |
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128 \ |
(78)
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.30
.25
.25
.24
.243
.24
.22
.268
,22
.22
.315
.32
.31
.31
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(79)
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.225
.215
.215
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.23
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.23
.228
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Hrs. : |
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: 136 ': |
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i 3.07 |
. 144 i |
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: 152 '. |
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176 '. |
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: 192 ': |
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208 i |
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216 ': |
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224 : |
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.27 |
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280 |
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296 |
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. .21 |
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328 |
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336 |
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344 |
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: .78 |
' .19 i : |
3.26 |
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3.35 |
. 360 |
(80)
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(08)
PART IV.
SUilMATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.
(83
.VI THAq
.sTjuaiifl "50 Pioi2suo2ia qua KoITAMMUJ
efl)
Summation and Discussion of Results .
The highest voltage obtained in this series of tests was 1.832 volts. A greater voltage would evidently have beensecured if the teraperatur-o had been a little higher.
From a consideration of the cost of materials it will be noted that cell # 2 gave the greatest watt- hotir output in the given time. Coll # 1 gave a vratt-hr. output 181. J2 watt-hrs. at a cost of 39.75 cts.per K.W. Hr. for energy: cell # 2 gave 186 vatt-hrs. at a cost
of 4 3.1 cts. per K.W.Hr. for energy^ cell ,1/3 gave 17 8.2 watt-hrs. at a cost Of 43.4 cts per K.W.Ur and the copper sulphate cell gave 25.5 watt-hrs. at acost of #9.17 per K.W.Hr.
Referring to the volt-time curve it will be noted that cell # 1 maintained an average current of .2097 amperes for 560 hours, with a voltage variation of 17.2 'fr^ The value of the current was maintained with a variation of only 11.1 'fo with a temperature variatt- ion of 8 deg. Centigrade.
Cell # 2 maintained an average current of 2,88 amperes for 5G0 hours with avoltage variation, flg- ux'ing from the time the cell action became stable, of 16,08 ^ and a current vafiation of 17.2 ^ with
(84
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a temperature variation of 8 deg.G. •
Cell #3 maintainod an average current of 2. 783 amperes and apotentiol of 1.305 volta,for aperiodof 560 hours, with avoltage variation of 17,81 "'■ and a current variation of 15.8 "^ , with a temperature variation of 8 deg.C, This was obtained after the /i action of the cell had become normal and the resistance properly adjusted.
Cell M 4 did not give a very steady value of voltage or current and was greatly affected by the temperature, while the other three cells were not so greatly affected by changes in temperature. This is readily explained by the fact that the resist- ance of the potassium chjorate cells varied from a minimum of .106 ohms to a maximum of. 246 ohms, while the resistance of the copper sulphate cell varied from 2.57 to 3.35 ohms.
It is evident from A> consideration of the cost of materials and watt-output that it costs slightly leas to operate the cell at a low rate of discharge than 4t a high rate of discharge.
From a consideration of the above results it is obvious, that as cell ^ 2 gave an average' discharge of 3.8 watts per second, that it would require 53 copper cells • to do the work of one KCIO3 osll.
(85
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From a final survey of the poasibitles of this
cell, it appears that there is an extennive field in
which the KClOg oell might replaoe those at present in use, with an enormous saving in cost.
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